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Caregiver-Attributed Etiologies of Children’s Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Study in Taiwan

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  • Wen-Jiun Chou

    (College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
    Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan)

  • Tai-Ling Liu

    (Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
    Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan)

  • Ray C. Hsiao

    (Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA
    Department of Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98105, USA)

  • Yu-Min Chen

    (Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan)

  • Chih-Cheng Chang

    (Department of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 70246, Taiwan
    Department of Health Psychology, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan)

  • Cheng-Fang Yen

    (Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
    Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan)

Abstract

The aim of this survey study was to examine the etiologies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) attributed by caregivers of Taiwanese children with ADHD, particularly factors affecting such attribution. This study had 400 caregivers of children with ADHD as participants. We examined the caregiver-attributed etiologies of ADHD and factors affecting such attribution. Caregivers completed the self-report questionnaire to rate how likely they perceived various etiologies of ADHD to be; the Affiliate Stigma Scale for the level of affiliate stigma; and the short Chinese version of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, Version IV Scale for child’s ADHD and oppositional symptoms. Brain dysfunction (84.8%) was the most commonly attributed etiology, followed by failure of caregivers in disciplining the child (44.0%); a poor diet, such as a sugar-rich diet (40.8%); a poor living environment (38.8%); the child imitating their peers’ improper behavior (37.3%); failure of school staff in disciplining the child (29.0%); the education system’s overemphasis on academic performance (27.3%); and supernatural beings or divination-based reasons (3.8%). Caregivers’ affiliate stigma was significantly associated with the attribution of several nonbiological etiologies other than brain dysfunction. Caregivers’ education level and children’s sex, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and oppositional symptoms were significantly associated with various caregiver-attributed etiologies. Therefore, to deliver more accurate knowledge about ADHD in educational programs, health professionals should consider those etiologies that are attributed by caregivers of children with ADHD.

Suggested Citation

  • Wen-Jiun Chou & Tai-Ling Liu & Ray C. Hsiao & Yu-Min Chen & Chih-Cheng Chang & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2020. "Caregiver-Attributed Etiologies of Children’s Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Study in Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-13, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:5:p:1652-:d:328051
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Charles Lung-Cheng Huang & Chin-Chen Chu & Tain-Junn Cheng & Shih-Feng Weng, 2014. "Epidemiology of Treated Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) across the Lifespan in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Longitudinal Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(4), pages 1-8, April.
    2. Regina Bussing & Johanna Meyer & Bonnie T. Zima & Dana M. Mason & Faye A. Gary & Cynthia Wilson Garvan, 2015. "Childhood ADHD Symptoms: Association with Parental Social Networks and Mental Health Service Use during Adolescence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-17, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Pei-Yun Lin & Wen-Jiun Chou & Ray C. Hsiao & Tai-Ling Liu & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2023. "Association of Affiliate Stigma with Parenting Stress and Its Moderators among Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-11, February.
    2. Chih-Cheng Chang & Yu-Min Chen & Ray C. Hsiao & Wen-Jiun Chou & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2021. "Did Affiliate Stigma Predict Affective and Behavioral Outcomes in Caregivers and Their Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-10, July.

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