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Prostate Cancer Incidence in U.S. Counties and Low Levels of Arsenic in Drinking Water

Author

Listed:
  • Jaeil Ahn

    (Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA)

  • Isabella J. Boroje

    (Center for Epidemiology and Environmental Health (CEOH, LLC), Washington, DC 20016, USA
    Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
    Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA)

  • Hamid Ferdosi

    (Center for Epidemiology and Environmental Health (CEOH, LLC), Washington, DC 20016, USA
    Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA)

  • Zachary J. Kramer

    (Center for Epidemiology and Environmental Health (CEOH, LLC), Washington, DC 20016, USA)

  • Steven H. Lamm

    (Center for Epidemiology and Environmental Health (CEOH, LLC), Washington, DC 20016, USA
    Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA)

Abstract

Background: Although inorganic arsenic in drinking water at high levels (100s–1000s μg/L [ppb]) increases cancer risk (skin, bladder, lung, and possibly prostate), the evidence at lower levels is limited. Methods : We conducted an ecologic analysis of the dose-response relationship between prostate cancer incidence and low arsenic levels in drinking water in a large study of U.S. counties ( N = 710). County arsenic levels were <200 ug/L with median <100 ug/L and dependency greater than 10%. Groundwater well usage, water arsenic levels, prostate cancer incidence rates (2009–2013), and co-variate data were obtained from various U.S. governmental agencies. Poisson and negative-binomial regression analyses and stratified analysis were performed. Results : The best fitting polynomial analysis yielded a J-shaped linear-quadratic model. Linear and quadratic terms were significant ( p < 0.001) in the Poisson model, and the quadratic term was significant ( p < 0.05) in the negative binomial model. This model indicated a decreasing risk of prostate cancer with increasing arsenic level in the low range and increasing risk above. Conclusions : This study of prostate cancer incidence in US counties with low levels of arsenic in their well-water arsenic levels finds a j-shaped model with decreasing risk at very low levels and increasing risk at higher levels.

Suggested Citation

  • Jaeil Ahn & Isabella J. Boroje & Hamid Ferdosi & Zachary J. Kramer & Steven H. Lamm, 2020. "Prostate Cancer Incidence in U.S. Counties and Low Levels of Arsenic in Drinking Water," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-16, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:3:p:960-:d:316383
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Steven H. Lamm & Isabella J. Boroje & Hamid Ferdosi & Jaeil Ahn, 2018. "Lung Cancer Risk and Low (≤50 μg/L) Drinking Water Arsenic Levels for US Counties (2009–2013)—A Negative Association," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-21, June.
    2. Steven H. Lamm & Hamid Ferdosi & Elisabeth K. Dissen & Ji Li & Jaeil Ahn, 2015. "A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Lung Cancer Risk and Inorganic Arsenic in Drinking Water," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-18, December.
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    1. Steven H. Lamm & Isabella J. Boroje & Hamid Ferdosi & Jaeil Ahn, 2018. "Lung Cancer Risk and Low (≤50 μg/L) Drinking Water Arsenic Levels for US Counties (2009–2013)—A Negative Association," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-21, June.

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