IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v17y2020i2p608-d310120.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Ruminant Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water Introduced Post-Collection in Rural Kenyan Households

Author

Listed:
  • Latifah Hamzah

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA)

  • Alexandria B. Boehm

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
    Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA)

  • Jennifer Davis

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
    Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA)

  • Amy J. Pickering

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 01255, USA)

  • Marlene Wolfe

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
    Innovations for Poverty Action, Nairobi, Kenya)

  • Maryanne Mureithi

    (Innovations for Poverty Action, Nairobi, Kenya)

  • Angela Harris

    (Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA)

Abstract

In sub-Saharan Africa, many families travel to collect water and store it in their homes for daily use, presenting an opportunity for the introduction of fecal contamination. One stored and one source water sample were each collected from 45 households in rural Kenya. All 90 samples were analyzed for fecal indicator bacteria ( E. coli and enterococci) and species-specific contamination using molecular microbial source tracking assays. Human (HF183), avian (GFD), and ruminant (BacR) contamination were detected in 52, two, and four samples, respectively. Stored water samples had elevated enterococci concentrations ( p < 0.01, Wilcoxon matched pairs test) and more frequent BacR detection (89% versus 27%, p < 0.01, McNemar’s exact test) relative to source water samples. fsQCA (fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis) was conducted on the subset of households with no source water BacR contamination to highlight combinations of factors associated with the introduction of BacR contamination to stored water supplies. Three combinations were identified: (i) ruminants in the compound, safe water extraction methods, and long storage time, (ii) ruminants, unsafe water extraction methods, and no soap at the household handwashing station, and (iii) long storage time and no soap. This suggests that multiple pathways contribute to the transmission of ruminant fecal contamination in this context, which would have been missed if data were analyzed using standard regression techniques.

Suggested Citation

  • Latifah Hamzah & Alexandria B. Boehm & Jennifer Davis & Amy J. Pickering & Marlene Wolfe & Maryanne Mureithi & Angela Harris, 2020. "Ruminant Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water Introduced Post-Collection in Rural Kenyan Households," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-23, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:2:p:608-:d:310120
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/2/608/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/2/608/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mahoney, James & Goertz, Gary, 2004. "The Possibility Principle: Choosing Negative Cases in Comparative Research," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 98(4), pages 653-669, November.
    2. Andreas, Jan-Justus & Burns, Charlotte & Touza, Julia, 2017. "Renewable Energy as a Luxury? A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of the Role of the Economy in the EU's Renewable Energy Transitions During the ‘Double Crisis’," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 81-90.
    3. Pappas, Ilias O. & Kourouthanassis, Panos E. & Giannakos, Michail N. & Chrissikopoulos, Vassilios, 2016. "Explaining online shopping behavior with fsQCA: The role of cognitive and affective perceptions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(2), pages 794-803.
    4. Oyemomi, Oluwafemi & Liu, Shaofeng & Neaga, Irina & Alkhuraiji, Ali, 2016. "How knowledge sharing and business process contribute to organizational performance: Using the fsQCA approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(11), pages 5222-5227.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Mustafa Sikder & Elena N. Naumova & Anthonia O. Ogudipe & Mateo Gomez & Daniele Lantagne, 2021. "Fecal Indicator Bacteria Data to Characterize Drinking Water Quality in Low-Resource Settings: Summary of Current Practices and Recommendations for Improving Validity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-19, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bacon, Emily & Williams, Michael D. & Davies, Gareth, 2020. "Coopetition in innovation ecosystems: A comparative analysis of knowledge transfer configurations," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 307-316.
    2. Kopplin, Cristopher Siegfried & Rösch, Stella Franca, 2021. "Equifinal causes of sustainable clothing purchase behavior: An fsQCA analysis among generation Y," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    3. Ilana Shpaizman, 2020. "The end–means nexus and policy conversion: evidence from two cases in Israeli immigrant integration policy," Policy Sciences, Springer;Society of Policy Sciences, vol. 53(4), pages 713-733, December.
    4. Fernández-Amador, Octavio & Francois, Joseph F. & Oberdabernig, Doris A. & Tomberger, Patrick, 2023. "Energy footprints and the international trade network: A new dataset. Is the European Union doing it better?," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 204(PA).
    5. Adrian Micu & Alexandru Capatina & Angela-Eliza Micu & Robert Rusu & Constantin Avram, 2019. "Configurations of Causal Conditions Leading to Geotagged Image and Social Context Recognition in the Case of AI Media Platform," Risk in Contemporary Economy, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, pages 479-486.
    6. Lingyu Lu & Cameron G. Thies, 2010. "Trade Interdependence and the Issues at Stake in the Onset of Militarized Conflict," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 27(4), pages 347-368, September.
    7. Duarte, Paulo & Costa e Silva, Susana & Ferreira, Margarida Bernardo, 2018. "How convenient is it? Delivering online shopping convenience to enhance customer satisfaction and encourage e-WOM," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 161-169.
    8. Odou, Philippe & Schill, Marie, 2020. "How anticipated emotions shape behavioral intentions to fight climate change," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 243-253.
    9. Anh Thi Nguyen & Alrence S. Halibas & Robert McClelland & Nguyen Hoang Thuan, 2024. "Configurational analysis of conditions influencing customers’ channel switching intention in omnichannel retailing: a fuzzy-set analysis," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 58(1), pages 141-178, February.
    10. Lambillotte, Laetitia & Magrofuoco, Nathan & Poncin, Ingrid & Vanderdonckt, Jean, 2022. "Enhancing playful customer experience with personalization," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    11. Wang, Delu & Li, Chunxiao & Mao, Jinqi & Yang, Qing, 2023. "What affects the implementation of the renewable portfolio standard? An analysis of the four-party evolutionary game," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 250-261.
    12. Yanan Li & Sid Terason, 2023. "Configuring the Pattern of Sustainable Tourism Development as Affected by the Construction of a High-Speed Railway System," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(3), pages 21582440231, July.
    13. Allan McConnell & Liam Grealy & Tess Lea, 2020. "Policy success for whom? A framework for analysis," Policy Sciences, Springer;Society of Policy Sciences, vol. 53(4), pages 589-608, December.
    14. Tehrani, Radin & Ramezanian, Hasan, 2024. "Analyzing Influences on Consumer Attitudes Toward E-Commerce," OSF Preprints ut75a, Center for Open Science.
    15. Eastman, Jacqueline K. & Shin, Hyunju & Jain, Varsha & Wang, Xinfang, 2024. "Determinants of positive consumer affect toward luxury brands’ social media posts on sustainability: A fsQCA approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    16. Maximilian Lemprière & Vivien Lowndes, 2019. "Why did the North East Combined Authority fail to achieve a devolution deal with the UK government?," Local Economy, London South Bank University, vol. 34(2), pages 149-166, March.
    17. Lucía Muñoz-Pascual & Jesús Galende, 2020. "Ambidextrous Knowledge and Learning Capability: The Magic Potion for Employee Creativity and Sustainable Innovation Performance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-27, May.
    18. Ruiz-Mafe, Carla & Chatzipanagiotou, Kalliopi & Curras-Perez, Rafael, 2018. "The role of emotions and conflicting online reviews on consumers' purchase intentions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 336-344.
    19. Thomas Ambrosio & Jakob Tolstrup, 2019. "How do we tell authoritarian diffusion from illusion? Exploring methodological issues of qualitative research on authoritarian diffusion," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 53(6), pages 2741-2763, November.
    20. González-Martinez, Paulina & García-Pérez-De-Lema, Domingo & Castillo-Vergara, Mauricio & Hansen, Peter Bent, 2023. "Determinants and performance of the quadruple helix model and the mediating role of civil society," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:2:p:608-:d:310120. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.