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Balance Tests in Pre-Adolescent Children: Retest Reliability, Construct Validity, and Relative Ability

Author

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  • Vedrana Sember

    (Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia)

  • Janja Grošelj

    (Elementary School Spodnja Idrija, 5280 Idrija, Slovenia)

  • Maja Pajek

    (Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia)

Abstract

Balance is an essential prerequisite for the normal physical development of a child. It consists of the ability to maintain the body’s centre of mass over its base of support, which is enabled by automatic postural adjustments, and maintain posture and stability in various conditions and activities. The present study aimed to determine the measurement characteristics (reliability and concurrent validity) and the relative ability of balance tests and different motor tests in healthy 11-year-olds. We also evaluated the impact of vision on balance ability. Our results showed high interrater reliability (from 0.810 to 0.910) and confirmed the construct validity of the included balance tests. Girls performed significantly better than boys in laboratory tandem stance in following balance components: total sway path with eyes open (BSEO) ( t = 2.68, p = 0.01, effect size (ES) = 0.81), total body sway with eyes closed of centre of pressure (CoP) displacement in the a-p direction (BSEC) ( t = 1.86, p = 0.07, ES = 0.57), mean velocity of CoP displacements (VEO) ( t = 2.67, p = 0.01, ES = 0.83), mean amplitude of CoP displacements in the a-p direction (AapEO) ( t = 3.38. p = 0.00, ES = 1.01) and in mean amplitude of CoP displacements in the m-l direction (AmlEO) ( t = 3.68, p = 0.00, ES = 1.19). With eyes closed, girls performed significantly better ( t = 2.28, p = 0.03, ES = 0.70) than boys did in the mean amplitude of COP displacements in the a-p direction (AapEO) and significantly better ( t = 2.37, p = 0.03, ES = 0.71) in the mean amplitude of COP displacements in the m-l direction (AmlEC). Insignificant correlations between different balance tests, except for a correlation between the flamingo test and one-leg stance on a low beam ( r = 0.558, p < 0.01), show that each test assesses different aspects of balance ability; therefore, balance cannot be assessed with a single test.

Suggested Citation

  • Vedrana Sember & Janja Grošelj & Maja Pajek, 2020. "Balance Tests in Pre-Adolescent Children: Retest Reliability, Construct Validity, and Relative Ability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-13, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:15:p:5474-:d:391590
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    Cited by:

    1. Maria Chiara Gallotta & Giovanna Zimatore & Ludovica Cardinali & Lavinia Falcioni & Valerio Bonavolontà & Davide Curzi & Laura Guidetti & Carlo Baldari, 2022. "Physical Education on the Beach: An Alternative Way to Improve Primary School Children’s Skill- and Health-Related Outcomes during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-13, March.
    2. Justė Knatauskaitė & Kazimieras Pukėnas & Laima Trinkūnienė & Henning Budde, 2021. "Effects of Different Types of Exercise Training on Fine Motor Skills and Testosterone Concentration in Adolescents: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-12, August.
    3. Dana Badau & Adela Badau & Gabriel Manolache & Mircea Ion Ene & Adriana Neofit & Vlad Teodor Grosu & Virgil Tudor & Radu Sasu & Raluca Moraru & Liviu Moraru, 2021. "The Motor Impact of the Static Balance in the Up Plank Position on Three Different Balls in Physical Activities of Physical Education Students," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-14, February.
    4. Sabrina Demarie & Emanuele Chirico & Cecilia Bratta & Cristina Cortis, 2022. "Puberal and Adolescent Horse Riders’ Fitness during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Effects of Training Restrictions on Health-Related and Functional Motor Abilities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-13, May.
    5. Aleksandra Bula & Karolina Tatar & Regina Wysocka & Kasper Chyrek & Laura Piejko & Agnieszka Nawrat-Szołtysik & Anna Polak, 2023. "Effect of Physical Activity on Static and Dynamic Postural Balance in Women Treated for Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-21, February.

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