IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v17y2020i13p4673-d377817.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Correlation of Blood Oxidative Stress Parameters to Indoor Radiofrequency Radiation: A Cross Sectional Study in Jordan

Author

Listed:
  • Yazan Akkam

    (Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Shafiq Irshidat st Irbid 21163, Jordan)

  • Ahmed A. Al-Taani

    (Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Shafiq Irshidat st Irbid 21163, Jordan
    Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural & Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 144534, UAE)

  • Salam Ayasreh

    (Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Shafiq Irshidat st Irbid 21163, Jordan)

  • Abeer Almutairi

    (Science Department, College of Basic Education, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, (PAAET), Alardyia P.O. Box 23167, Safat, Kuwait)

  • Nosaibah Akkam

    (Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Shafiq Irshidat st Irbid 21163, Jordan)

Abstract

Background : Electromagnetic pollution is a general health concern worldwide, as cell phone towers are ubiquitous and are located adjacent to or on the roof of schools, and hospitals. However, the health risks are still inconclusive. This cross-sectional study evaluated the potential effect of electromagnetic radiation generated from various resources including cell phone towers on blood glutathione S transferase activity (e-GST) and total antioxidant activity of the Jordanian population. Methods : The power density of three districts in the city of Irbid, Jordan was mapped to generate “outside the houses” and “inside the houses” maps. The effect of categorical variables (gender, using a cell phone, presence of Wi-Fi modem, previous exposure to medical imaging) and continuous variables (distance from the base station, the elevation of the house, the duration of stay in the house, power density outside houses, power density inside houses) on e-GST and total antioxidant activity were investigated. Results : The EMR generated outside the houses—including cell phone towers—did not reach inside the houses at the same power and had no significant influence on e-GST activity. The EMR inside the house, which primarily came from internal resources, has a significant effect on e-GST activity. The duration of stay inside the house, the use of cell phones, and the presence of a Wi-Fi modem had a proportional effect on e-GST activity. The total antioxidant activity was statistically equal between the tested and control groups. Conclusions : Several factors such as building materials restricted the penetration of EMR reaching inside the houses. EMR generated inside rather than outside the houses had a proportional effect on e-GST. The differences in e-GST were compensated successfully by other antioxidant mechanisms. Further research is needed to identify other possible sources of antioxidants, and to evaluate long-term effects and genetic polymorphism.

Suggested Citation

  • Yazan Akkam & Ahmed A. Al-Taani & Salam Ayasreh & Abeer Almutairi & Nosaibah Akkam, 2020. "Correlation of Blood Oxidative Stress Parameters to Indoor Radiofrequency Radiation: A Cross Sectional Study in Jordan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-17, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:13:p:4673-:d:377817
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/13/4673/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/13/4673/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Emma Chiaramello & Marta Bonato & Serena Fiocchi & Gabriella Tognola & Marta Parazzini & Paolo Ravazzani & Joe Wiart, 2019. "Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Assessment in Indoor Environments: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-29, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Raquel Ramirez-Vazquez & Jesus Gonzalez-Rubio & Isabel Escobar & Carmen del Pilar Suarez Rodriguez & Enrique Arribas, 2021. "Personal Exposure Assessment to Wi-Fi Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in Mexican Microenvironments," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-20, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zicheng Liu & Djamel Allal & Maurice Cox & Joe Wiart, 2020. "Discrepancies of Measured SAR between Traditional and Fast Measuring Systems," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-13, March.
    2. Kenneth R. Foster & Marvin C. Ziskin & Quirino Balzano, 2022. "Three Quarters of a Century of Research on RF Exposure Assessment and Dosimetry—What Have We Learned?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-10, February.
    3. Maria Rosaria Scarfì & Mats-Olof Mattsson & Myrtill Simkó & Olga Zeni, 2019. "Special Issue: “Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine: From Mechanisms to Biomedical Applications”," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-3, November.
    4. Amelie Massardier-Pilonchery & Elena Nerrière & Sophie Croidieu & Fabien Ndagijimana & François Gaudaire & Christophe Martinsons & Nicolas Noé & Martine Hours, 2019. "Assessment of Personal Occupational Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in Libraries and Media Libraries, Using Calibrated On-Body Exposimeters," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-16, June.
    5. Annamaria Sârbu & Simona Miclăuș & Angela Digulescu & Paul Bechet, 2020. "Comparative Analysis of User Exposure to the Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted by the Fourth and Fifth Generations of Wi-Fi Communication Devices," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-21, November.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:13:p:4673-:d:377817. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.