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Evaluation of Secondhand Smoke Using PM2.5 and Observations in a Random Stratified Sample in Hospitality Venues from 12 Cities

Author

Listed:
  • Bekir Kaplan

    (Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA)

  • Asli Carkoglu

    (Department of Psychology, Kadir Has University, Istanbul 34083, Turkey)

  • Gul Ergor

    (Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35220, Turkey)

  • Mutlu Hayran

    (Department of Preventive Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara 06230, Turkey)

  • Xisca Sureda

    (Social and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid, Spain)

  • Joanna E Cohen

    (Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA)

  • Ana Navas-Acien

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, NY 10032, USA)

Abstract

Background: Turkey passed a law banning smoking in all indoor public places in 2008. In response to the indoor smoking restriction, many smokers may have relocated to outdoor areas of venues. The aim of this study was to evaluate air pollution related to SHS exposure in indoor and outdoor areas of hospitality venues in 12 cities in Turkey. Method: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated hospitality venues in 12 cities in Turkey. In each visited venue, we evaluated a pre-specified number of study locations such as the outdoor area of the main entrance, indoor areas, and patios or other outdoor dining areas, completely or partially covered with window walls. We measured particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in those areas. Results: The fieldworkers visited 72 randomly selected hospitality venues and measured PM2.5 concentrations in 165 different locations (indoor, outdoor, and patios) of those venues. Overall, 2573 people were observed, 909 of them smoking. The median (IQR) PM2.5 concentrations were 95 (39–229) μg/m 3 indoors, 25 (13–48) μg/m 3 outdoors, and 31 μg/m 3 (16–62) in the patios ( p < 0.001). After adjustment, each additional smoker was associated with a 2% increase in PM2.5 concentrations in patio air (GMR (95% CI): 1.02 (1.00, 1.05), and a 4% increase in indoor air (GMR (95% CI): 1.04 (1.02, 1.05). Conclusions: There were unhealthy levels of smoking-caused PM2.5 concentrations, not only indoors, but also in the patios of hospitality venues. Legislative efforts to expand the smoke-free legislation to outdoor areas adjacent to indoor public places and an action plan to increase compliance with the smoke-free policy are urgently needed in Turkey.

Suggested Citation

  • Bekir Kaplan & Asli Carkoglu & Gul Ergor & Mutlu Hayran & Xisca Sureda & Joanna E Cohen & Ana Navas-Acien, 2019. "Evaluation of Secondhand Smoke Using PM2.5 and Observations in a Random Stratified Sample in Hospitality Venues from 12 Cities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-9, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:8:p:1381-:d:223576
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Sheila Keogan & Tamara Alonso & Salome Sunday & Joan Hanafin & Olena Tigova & Esteve Fernandez & Maria Jose Lopez & Silvano Gallus & Sean Semple & Anna Tzortzi & Roberto Boffi & Giuseppe Gorini & Ange, 2023. "Particle Exposure Hazards of Visiting Outdoor Smoking Areas for Patients with Asthma or COPD Even in EU Countries with Comprehensive Smokefree Laws," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(11), pages 1-14, May.
    2. Selamawit Hirpa & Noreen Dadirai Mdege & Terefe Gelibo Argefa & Yifokire Tefera & Selam Abraham Kassa & Winnie Awuor & Wakgari Deressa, 2024. "Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Results of Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) Measurements at Hospitality Venues in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(8), pages 1-12, July.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    secondhand smoke; PM2.5; Turkey; hospitality venue;
    All these keywords.

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