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Micro-Space Complexity and Context in the Space-Time Variation in Enteric Disease Risk for Three Informal Settlements of Port au Prince, Haiti

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  • Andrew Curtis

    (GIS Health & Hazards Lab, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA)

  • Robert Squires

    (GIS Health & Hazards Lab, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA)

  • Vanessa Rouzier

    (Les Centres Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti)

  • Jean William Pape

    (Les Centres Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti)

  • Jayakrishnan Ajayakumar

    (GIS Health & Hazards Lab, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA)

  • Sandra Bempah

    (GIS Health & Hazards Lab, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA)

  • Meer Taifur Alam

    (Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
    Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA)

  • Md. Mahbubul Alam

    (Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
    Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA)

  • Mohammed H. Rashid

    (Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA)

  • Afsar Ali

    (Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
    Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA)

  • John Glenn Morris, Jr

    (Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA)

Abstract

Diffusion of cholera and other diarrheal diseases in an informal settlement is a product of multiple behavioral, environmental and spatial risk factors. One of the most important components is the spatial interconnections among water points, drainage ditches, toilets and the intervening environment. This risk is also longitudinal and variable as water points fluctuate in relation to bacterial contamination. In this paper we consider part of this micro space complexity for three informal settlements in Port au Prince, Haiti. We expand on more typical epidemiological analysis of fecal coliforms at water points, drainage ditches and ocean sites by considering the importance of single point location fluctuation coupled with recording micro-space environmental conditions around each sample site. Results show that spatial variation in enteric disease risk occurs within neighborhoods, and that while certain trends are evident, the degree of individual site fluctuation should question the utility of both cross-sectional and more aggregate analysis. Various factors increase the counts of fecal coliform present, including the type of water point, how water was stored at that water point, and the proximity of the water point to local drainage. Some locations fluctuated considerably between being safe and unsafe on a monthly basis. Next steps to form a more comprehensive contextualized understanding of enteric disease risk in these environments should include the addition of behavioral factors and local insight.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrew Curtis & Robert Squires & Vanessa Rouzier & Jean William Pape & Jayakrishnan Ajayakumar & Sandra Bempah & Meer Taifur Alam & Md. Mahbubul Alam & Mohammed H. Rashid & Afsar Ali & John Glenn Morr, 2019. "Micro-Space Complexity and Context in the Space-Time Variation in Enteric Disease Risk for Three Informal Settlements of Port au Prince, Haiti," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-18, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:5:p:807-:d:211160
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Andrew Curtis & Jason K. Blackburn & Sarah L. Smiley & Minmin Yen & Andrew Camilli & Meer Taifur Alam & Afsar Ali & J. Glenn Morris, 2016. "Mapping to Support Fine Scale Epidemiological Cholera Investigations: A Case Study of Spatial Video in Haiti," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-13, February.
    2. Serap Aksoy, 2015. "Strong Local Scientific Communities Are Essential to Reach the Millennium Development Goals," PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(10), pages 1-4, October.
    3. Andrew Curtis & Chaz Felix & Susanne Mitchell & Jayakrishnan Ajayakumar & Peter R. Kerndt, 2018. "Contextualizing Overdoses in Los Angeles's Skid Row between 2014 and 2016 by Leveraging the Spatial Knowledge of the Marginalized as a Resource," Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 108(6), pages 1521-1536, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. John Friesen & Victoria Friesen & Ingo Dietrich & Peter F. Pelz, 2020. "Slums, Space, and State of Health—A Link between Settlement Morphology and Health Data," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-28, March.

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