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Effect of Time-of-Day-Exercise in Group Settings on Level of Mood and Depression of Former Elite Male Athletes

Author

Listed:
  • Khadijah Irandoust

    (Department of Sport Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin 34148-96818, Iran)

  • Morteza Taheri

    (Department of Sport Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin 34148-96818, Iran)

  • Hamdi Chtourou

    (Activité Physique, Sport et Santé, UR18JS01, Observatoire National du Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisia
    Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l’éducation physique de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia)

  • Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis

    (Exercise Physiology Laboratory, 18450 Nikaia, Greece)

  • Thomas Rosemann

    (Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland)

  • Beat Knechtle

    (Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland)

Abstract

Since the prevalence of depression is high among athletes at the end of their athletic career, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of time-of-day-exercise in group settings on the level of the mood and depression of former elite male athletes.Out of 187 volunteers referring to the sports counseling clinic, 71 retired male athletes who had a national championship record were randomly divided into two morning and evening exercise groups. The inclusion criteria were severe depression (high score in the Beck Depression Inventory-II), the age range of 50 to 60 years, the absence of metabolic syndrome, and the body mass index (BMI) between 28 and 35. All body composition variables were measured using body composition analysis (In Body 320; Korea). The second stage was the collection of data after three months (completion of the training protocol). After data collection, independent and dependent t-tests were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that both groups had a significant improvement in depression compared to the pre-test ( p ≤ 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the two groups ( p ≥ 0.05). The overall conclusion is that exercise at different times of the morning or evening can improve the psychological state and reduce depression.

Suggested Citation

  • Khadijah Irandoust & Morteza Taheri & Hamdi Chtourou & Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis & Thomas Rosemann & Beat Knechtle, 2019. "Effect of Time-of-Day-Exercise in Group Settings on Level of Mood and Depression of Former Elite Male Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-8, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:19:p:3541-:d:269556
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    Cited by:

    1. Hengxu Liu & Jiaqi Liang & Kun Wang & Tingran Zhang & Shiqi Liu & Jiong Luo, 2023. "Mood Status Response to Physical Activity and Its Influence on Performance: Are Chronotype and Exercise Timing Affect?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-13, February.
    2. Qingyuan Luo & Peng Zhang & Yijia Liu & Xiujie Ma & George Jennings, 2022. "Intervention of Physical Activity for University Students with Anxiety and Depression during the COVID-19 Pandemic Prevention and Control Period: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-20, November.
    3. Pantelis T. Nikolaidis & Beat Knechtle, 2021. "Is It Time for Sports and Health in the Era of Covid-19 Pandemic?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-3, January.

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