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Disability-Disaggregated Data Collection: Hospital-Based Application of the Washington Group Questions in an Eye Hospital in Paraguay

Author

Listed:
  • Manfred Mörchen

    (Christoffel Blindenmission (CBM) International, Stubenwaldallee 5, 64625 Bensheim, Germany)

  • Olmedo Zambrano

    (Christoffel Blindenmission (CBM) International, Stubenwaldallee 5, 64625 Bensheim, Germany)

  • Alexander Páez

    (Fundaciόn Visiόn, Ingavi, Fernando de la Mora 8000, Paraguay)

  • Paola Salgado

    (Fundaciόn Visiόn, Ingavi, Fernando de la Mora 8000, Paraguay)

  • Jason Penniecook

    (Fundaciόn Visiόn, Ingavi, Fernando de la Mora 8000, Paraguay)

  • Andrea Brandt von Lindau

    (Christoffel Blindenmission (CBM) International, Stubenwaldallee 5, 64625 Bensheim, Germany)

  • David Lewis

    (CBM Australia, 56 Rutland Rd, Melbourne 3128, Australia)

Abstract

Disability-disaggregated data are increasingly considered important to monitor progress in Universal Eye Health Care. Hospital-based data are still elusive because of the cultural ambiguities of the term disability, especially in under-resourced Health Information Systems in low-and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the hospital-based rate of disability in patients presenting at an eye department of a rural hospital in Paraguay and to discuss implications for the management of access barriers. Therefore, we introduced two standardized sets of the Washington Group (WG) Questions as a pilot project. In total, 999 patients answered the self-report WG short set (WG-SS) questionnaire with six functional domains, and 501 of these patients answered an extended set, which included additional domains for “anxiety” and “depression” (WG-ES3). Overall, 27.7% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 24.9–30.3) were categorized as having a disability. A total of 9.6% (95% CI 7.9–11.6) were categorized as having a disability because of communication difficulties, which was second only to visual difficulties. The odds ratio for disability for patients aged 70 years and older was 8.5 (95% CI 5.0–14.4) and for male patients, it was 0.83 (95% CI 0.62–1.1). Of those patients who answered the WG-ES3, 3.4% were categorized as having a disability because of being worried, nervous or anxious and 1.4% because of feeling depressed. An analysis of the questions of the “depression” domain was impeded by a high rate of measurement errors. The results of the different domains can now be used to inform the identification and mitigation of potential access barriers to eye health services for different types of impairments.

Suggested Citation

  • Manfred Mörchen & Olmedo Zambrano & Alexander Páez & Paola Salgado & Jason Penniecook & Andrea Brandt von Lindau & David Lewis, 2019. "Disability-Disaggregated Data Collection: Hospital-Based Application of the Washington Group Questions in an Eye Hospital in Paraguay," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-16, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:17:p:3085-:d:260772
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kristen Miller & Daniel Mont & Aaron Maitland & Barbara Altman & Jennifer Madans, 2011. "Results of a cross-national structured cognitive interviewing protocol to test measures of disability," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 45(4), pages 801-815, June.
    2. Nancy Sharby & Katharine Martire & Maura D. Iversen, 2015. "Decreasing Health Disparities for People with Disabilities through Improved Communication Strategies and Awareness," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-16, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Alex Robinson & Liem Nguyen & Fleur Smith, 2021. "Use of the Washington Group Questions in Non-Government Programming," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-13, October.
    2. Ruth Sanders & Ben Gascoyne & Paul Appleby & Syeda Asma Rashida & Emma Jolley, 2021. "Eye Health Service Uptake among People with Visual Impairment and Other Functional Difficulties in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study with Short-Term Follow Up," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-12, August.

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