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Higher Levels of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) Is Associated with Developing Psychomotor Deficiency: The Cross- Sectional Bi-Township Analysis for The New Hypothesis

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  • Chen-Yi Liang

    (Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences and School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
    Department of Childhood Education and Nursery, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan City 71710, Taiwan)

  • Yen-Chun G. Liu

    (Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Dept. of Oral Hygiene, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
    Center for Osteoimmunology and Biotechnology Research (COBR), School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University KMU Hospital, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan)

  • Tien-Yu Shieh

    (Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences and School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan)

  • Yi-Chun Tseng

    (Department of Childhood Education and Nursery, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan City 71710, Taiwan)

  • Andy Yen-Tung Teng

    (Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Dept. of Oral Hygiene, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
    Center for Osteoimmunology and Biotechnology Research (COBR), School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University KMU Hospital, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
    Lab of Molecular Microbial Immunity, Div. of Periodontology, the Eastman Institute for Oral Health (EIOH), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to reassess and confirm the relationship between early childhood caries (ECC) and manifestations of psychomotor deficiency in 4–6-yr-old kindergarteners, which has remained elusive to date. A cross-sectional study with bi-township analysis was designed whereby 353 kindergarteners, aged 4–6 whose caries were greater (dmft (decayed, missing and filled teeth, dmft index) = 5.25) than that of the national average, located in a rural township of central Taiwan were recruited using simple random-selection. Besides the personal, demographic, and dietary information, the measurements for caries and the amended comprehensive scales (CCDI) of children’s psychomotor development were used to address their relationship. One-way ANOVA vs. multiple linear regression were employed to compare the differences of variables between age, gender, BMI (Body Mass Index), and dmft scores vs. relationships among all variables, respectively. The results confirmed that there was a positive relationship between severe ECC (dmft > 3~8) and psychomotor deficiency (i.e., expressive language and comprehension-concept scales, etc.) amongst the kindergarteners analyzed. Our cross-sectional bi-township analysis has confirmed that there is indeed an association between severe ECC and psychomotor deficiency in kindergarteners, and we suggest that this may arise through critical stages of growth, not only via personal language communications, but psycho-social engagements as well. Therefore, a new hypothesis is proposed.

Suggested Citation

  • Chen-Yi Liang & Yen-Chun G. Liu & Tien-Yu Shieh & Yi-Chun Tseng & Andy Yen-Tung Teng, 2019. "Higher Levels of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) Is Associated with Developing Psychomotor Deficiency: The Cross- Sectional Bi-Township Analysis for The New Hypothesis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-14, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:17:p:3082-:d:260701
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    Cited by:

    1. Chen-Yi Liang & Andy Yen-Tung Teng & Yen Chun Liu, 2022. "Early Childhood Caries Is Causally Attributed to Developing Psychomotor Deficiency in Pre-School Children: The Resultant Covariate and Confounder Analyses in a Longitudinal Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-15, June.
    2. Andy Yen-Tung Teng & Chen-Yi Liang & Yen Chun Grace Liu, 2021. "Socio-Economic Status May Associate Different Risk(s) with Early Childhood Caries (ECC) That Can Cause the Development of Psychomotor Deficiency in Preschool Children Aged 3–6 Years Old: The Results o," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-13, August.

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