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Concentration, Source, and Total Health Risks of Cadmium in Multiple Media in Densely Populated Areas, China

Author

Listed:
  • Kui Cai

    (Department of Geological Science & Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 573-701, Korea
    Institute of Geological Survey, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
    Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 573-701, Korea)

  • Yanqiu Yu

    (Department of Geological Science & Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 573-701, Korea
    College of Resources, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China)

  • Minjie Zhang

    (Department of Geological Science & Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 573-701, Korea
    College of Resources, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China)

  • Kangjoo Kim

    (Department of Geological Science & Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 573-701, Korea
    Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 573-701, Korea)

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential and harmful element to humans. Cadmium contamination is a serious issue for human health, especially in densely populated agroecology areas. In this study, the investigation of an agroecology area was conducted to gain insight into the relationship between Cd in wheat and soil and then evaluate the Cd total risk for human health. The soil samples and their matching wheat samples, underground water samples, and atmospheric deposition (air) samples were collected from a wheat-growing area in an agroecology plain. The cadmium concentration in the four types of media, in order, was air > soil > wheat > water. The mean concentration of the geoaccumulation index (I geo ) showed that the total Cd in soil (Cd-T) and Cdair reached a mild and moderate pollution level. The results of the correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the majority of Cdwheat originated from Cd-2 (exchangeable), Cd-4 (humic acid-bound), and Cd-7 (residual). Furthermore, the results of the stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) showed that three fractions were primarily controlled by Cd-T: clay, cation exchange capacity (CeC), and total organic carbon (TOC). In addition, the total cancer risk (CR) of Cd in multiple media was, in the order wheat > water > soil > air. It is noteworthy that the Cd content in underground water and wheat by the ingestion pathway posed cancer risks to the local residents and provided a comprehensive insight into multiple media environment management. Furthermore, it provides a very significant basic study for detailed research into the mobility and transformation for factions.

Suggested Citation

  • Kui Cai & Yanqiu Yu & Minjie Zhang & Kangjoo Kim, 2019. "Concentration, Source, and Total Health Risks of Cadmium in Multiple Media in Densely Populated Areas, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-18, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:13:p:2269-:d:243345
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. J. Eduardo Marquez & Olivier Pourret & Michel-Pierre Faucon & Sebastian Weber & Thi Bích Hòa Hoàng & Raul E. Martinez, 2018. "Effect of Cadmium, Copper and Lead on the Growth of Rice in the Coal Mining Region of Quang Ninh, Cam-Pha (Vietnam)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-16, May.
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