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A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control

Author

Listed:
  • ThankGod E. Onyiche

    (Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
    Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri 600230, Nigeria)

  • Keisuke Suganuma

    (National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan)

  • Ikuo Igarashi

    (National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan)

  • Naoaki Yokoyama

    (National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan)

  • Xuenan Xuan

    (National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan)

  • Oriel Thekisoe

    (Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa)

Abstract

Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi . The disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. It principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but DNA of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. The disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. Infected equids remain carrier for life with T. equi infection, whilst, infection with B. caballi is cleared within a few years. This review focuses on all aspects of the disease from the historical overview, biology of the parasite, epidemiology of the disease (specifically highlighting other non-equine hosts, such as dogs and camels), vector, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, genetic diversity, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Suggested Citation

  • ThankGod E. Onyiche & Keisuke Suganuma & Ikuo Igarashi & Naoaki Yokoyama & Xuenan Xuan & Oriel Thekisoe, 2019. "A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-23, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:10:p:1736-:d:231802
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    Cited by:

    1. Samson Anjikwi Malgwi & Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin & Abolade David Oladepo & Matthew Adekunle Adeleke & Moses Okpeku, 2023. "A Forty-Year Analysis of the Literature on Babesia Infection (1982–2022): A Systematic Bibliometric Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(12), pages 1-19, June.

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