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Outdoor Air Emissions, Land Use, and Land Cover around Schools on Tribal Lands

Author

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  • Nirmalla Barros

    (Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Mail Code: E205-04, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA)

  • Nicolle S. Tulve

    (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Mail Code: E205-04, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA)

  • Ken Bailey

    (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of Science Policy, 3355 Blue Rock Road, Cincinnati, OH 45239, USA
    Retired.)

  • Daniel T. Heggem

    (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 944 East Harmon Avenue, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA
    Retired.)

Abstract

Children from tribes are more burdened with adverse respiratory well-being outcomes versus other U.S. children. The objectives of this study were to identify stressors from the built and natural environments for tribal school-aged children. Outdoor air concentrations around U.S. tribal schools were linked to National Emission Inventories; ecoregions and National Land Cover Database; and American Community Survey and school map layers. Nine school sites (seven tribes, five U.S. states) were in three ecoregions: North American Deserts, Northern Forests, and Mediterranean California. Closest emission sources were oil, gas, airport, and manufacturing facilities. Maximum annual outdoor air concentrations were measured for toluene at two schools (29 ppb and 15 ppb, 2011), located four miles from a solid waste landfill and eight miles from paperboard/saw mills. Maximum annual concentrations of metals in particulate matter 10 micrometers and smaller were highest for manganese (68 ng/m 3 , 2011). Schools were in mainly arid and heavily forested lands. Closest emission sources were predominantly off tribal lands. Measurements were limited (<30/year). Compared to schools off tribal lands, schools on tribal lands were further away from roadway sources. Future research may examine outdoor air quality around schools with more developed land and indoor air for tribal children’s total exposure.

Suggested Citation

  • Nirmalla Barros & Nicolle S. Tulve & Ken Bailey & Daniel T. Heggem, 2018. "Outdoor Air Emissions, Land Use, and Land Cover around Schools on Tribal Lands," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-19, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2018:i:1:p:36-:d:192894
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hennessy, T.W. & Ritter, T. & Holman, R.C. & Bruden, D.L. & Yorita, K.L. & Bulkow, L. & Cheek, J.E. & Singleton, R.J. & Smith, J., 2008. "The relationship between in-home water service and the risk of respiratory tract, skin, and gastrointestinal tract infections among rural Alaska Natives," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 98(11), pages 2072-2078.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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