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How Socio-Environmental Factors Are Associated with Japanese Encephalitis in Shaanxi, China—A Bayesian Spatial Analysis

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  • Shaobai Zhang

    (School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
    Department of Immunization Program, Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an 710054, China)

  • Wenbiao Hu

    (School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia)

  • Xin Qi

    (School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
    Global Health Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China)

  • Guihua Zhuang

    (School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China)

Abstract

Evidence indicated that socio-environmental factors were associated with occurrence of Japanese encephalitis (JE). This study explored the association of climate and socioeconomic factors with JE (2006–2014) in Shaanxi, China. JE data at the county level in Shaanxi were supplied by Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Population and socioeconomic data were obtained from the China Population Census in 2010 and statistical yearbooks. Meteorological data were acquired from the China Meteorological Administration. A Bayesian conditional autoregressive model was used to examine the association of meteorological and socioeconomic factors with JE. A total of 1197 JE cases were included in this study. Urbanization rate was inversely associated with JE incidence during the whole study period. Meteorological variables were significantly associated with JE incidence between 2012 and 2014. The excessive precipitation at lag of 1–2 months in the north of Shaanxi in June 2013 had an impact on the increase of local JE incidence. The spatial residual variations indicated that the whole study area had more stable risk (0.80–1.19 across all the counties) between 2012 and 2014 than earlier years. Public health interventions need to be implemented to reduce JE incidence, especially in rural areas and after extreme weather.

Suggested Citation

  • Shaobai Zhang & Wenbiao Hu & Xin Qi & Guihua Zhuang, 2018. "How Socio-Environmental Factors Are Associated with Japanese Encephalitis in Shaanxi, China—A Bayesian Spatial Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-13, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:4:p:608-:d:138258
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Che-Liang Lin & Hsiao-Ling Chang & Chuan-Yao Lin & Kow-Tong Chen, 2017. "Seasonal Patterns of Japanese Encephalitis and Associated Meteorological Factors in Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-12, October.
    2. Geòrgia Escaramís & Josep L. Carrasco & Carlos Ascaso, 2008. "Detection of Significant Disease Risks Using a Spatial Conditional Autoregressive Model," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 64(4), pages 1043-1053, December.
    3. Xing Zhao & Mingqin Cao & Hai-Huan Feng & Heng Fan & Fei Chen & Zijian Feng & Xiaosong Li & Xiao-Hua Zhou, 2014. "Japanese Encephalitis Risk and Contextual Risk Factors in Southwest China: A Bayesian Hierarchical Spatial and Spatiotemporal Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-17, April.
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