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Gingival Pigmentation Affected by Smoking among Different Age Groups: A Quantitative Analysis of Gingival Pigmentation Using Clinical Oral Photographs

Author

Listed:
  • Tomotaka Kato

    (Section of Geriatric Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan)

  • Shinsuke Mizutani

    (Section of Geriatric Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan)

  • Hiroya Takiuchi

    (Section of Geriatric Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan)

  • Seiichi Sugiyama

    (Sugiyama Dental Clinic, Yachiyo 276-0027, Japan)

  • Takashi Hanioka

    (Section of Oral Public Health, Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan)

  • Toru Naito

    (Section of Geriatric Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan)

Abstract

The presence of any age-related differences in gingival pigmentation associated with smoking, particularly in a young population, remains to be fully investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine the age-related differences in smoking gingival pigmentation. Gingival pigmentation was analyzed using the gingival melanosis record (GMR) and Hedin’s classification with frontal oral photographs taken at 16 dental offices in Japan. Participants were categorized into 10-year age groups, and their baseline photographs were compared. In addition, to evaluate the effect of smoking cessation on gingival pigmentation, subjects were divided into a former smoker group (stopped smoking) and current smoker group. A total of 259 patients 19 to 79 years of age were analyzed. People in their 30s showed the most widespread gingival pigmentation. In addition, subjects in their 20s showed a weak effect of smoking cessation on gingival pigmentation. These findings suggested that the gingival pigmentation induced by smoking was more remarkable in young people than in middle-aged people. This information may be useful for anti-smoking education, especially among young populations with a high affinity for smoking.

Suggested Citation

  • Tomotaka Kato & Shinsuke Mizutani & Hiroya Takiuchi & Seiichi Sugiyama & Takashi Hanioka & Toru Naito, 2017. "Gingival Pigmentation Affected by Smoking among Different Age Groups: A Quantitative Analysis of Gingival Pigmentation Using Clinical Oral Photographs," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-9, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:8:p:880-:d:107014
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    1. Tomotaka Kato & Hiroya Takiuchi & Seiichi Sugiyama & Michiko Makino & Satoshi Noguchi & Tomoko Katayama-Ono & Takashi Hanioka & Toru Naito, 2016. "Measurement of Reduced Gingival Melanosis after Smoking Cessation: A Novel Analysis of Gingival Pigmentation Using Clinical Oral Photographs," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-8, June.
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