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Mixture Toxicity of Bensulfuron-Methyl and Acetochlor to Red Swamp Crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ): Behavioral, Morphological and Histological Effects

Author

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  • Jixin Yu

    (State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
    College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Elvis Genbo Xu

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA)

  • Yan Ren

    (State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
    College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Shiyu Jin

    (State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
    College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Tanglin Zhang

    (State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China)

  • Jiashou Liu

    (State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China)

  • Zhongjie Li

    (State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China)

Abstract

The mixture of bensulfuron-methyl and acetochlor (MBA) has been widely applied as a rice herbicide in China, but the mixture toxicity of MBA to aquatic organisms is largely unknown. The current study aims to investigate the acute effects of MBA to juvenile red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii . Firstly, a 96 h semi-static exposure was conducted to determine the Lethal Concentration 50 (LC 50 ) values at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, as well as to assess the behavioral and morphological effects. A second 96 h exposure was conducted at an MBA concentration of 50% of the 96 h LC 50 (72.62 mg/L) to assess the histological changes in the gill, perigastric organ, muscle, heart, stomach, and midgut. The results showed that MBA exhibited low acute toxicity with the 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC 50 values of 191.25 (179.37–215.75), 166.81 (159.49–176.55), 154.30 (148.36–160.59) and 145.24 (138.94–151.27) mg/L, respectively. MBA-exposed crayfish showed body jerk, belly arch, equilibrium loss, body and appendage sway, and lethargy; and the dead crayfish showed dark gray or grayish-white body color and separated cephalothorax and abdomen. At 72.62 mg/L, MBA exposure caused significant histopathological alterations, mainly including the cuticular and epithelial degeneration of all the gills; atrophy of tubule lumina and cellular vacuolation of the perigastric organs (61.15 ± 9.90% of the tubules showed lesions); epithelial hyperplasia (48.40 ± 9.00%), myocardial fibers and epithelial cell lysis (17.30 ± 2.01%), and hemocytic infiltration of the hearts; cuticular swelling (15.82 ± 2.98%) and vacuolate connective tissue (11.30 ± 2.47%) of the stomachs; atrophied bladder cell and fragmented longitudinal muscles (95.23 ± 4.77%) of the midguts; and slight myofibers fragmentation and lysis (7.37 ± 0.53%) of the abdominal muscles. Our results indicate that MBA can cause behavioral, morphological and histopathological effects on juvenile P. clarkii at relatively high concentrations, but its acute toxicity is low compared with many other common herbicides.

Suggested Citation

  • Jixin Yu & Elvis Genbo Xu & Yan Ren & Shiyu Jin & Tanglin Zhang & Jiashou Liu & Zhongjie Li, 2017. "Mixture Toxicity of Bensulfuron-Methyl and Acetochlor to Red Swamp Crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ): Behavioral, Morphological and Histological Effects," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-15, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:12:p:1466-:d:120594
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Rosalind M. Green & Assaf A. Abdelghani, 2004. "Toxicity of a Mixture of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and Mono-soduim Methanearsonate to the Red Swamp Crawfish, Procambarus clarkii," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 1(1), pages 1-4, February.
    2. Rosalind M. Green & Assaf A. Abdelghani, 2004. "Effects of Long-Term Exposure of the Red Swamp Crawfish Procambarus clarkii to a Mixture of Two Herbicides, 2,4-Dichloro-phenoxyacetic Acid and Monosodium Methanearsonate, and Associated Human Health ," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 1(2), pages 1-8, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Jixin Yu & Elvis Genbo Xu & Wei Li & Shiyu Jin & Ting Yuan & Jiashou Liu & Zhongjie Li & Tanglin Zhang, 2018. "Acute Toxicity of an Emerging Insecticide Pymetrozine to Procambarus clarkii Associated with Rice-Crayfish Culture (RCIS)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-13, May.

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