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Pit Latrine Emptying Behavior and Demand for Sanitation Services in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

Author

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  • Marion W. Jenkins

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
    Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK)

  • Oliver Cumming

    (Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK)

  • Sandy Cairncross

    (Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK)

Abstract

Pit latrines are the main form of sanitation in unplanned areas in many rapidly growing developing cities. Understanding demand for pit latrine fecal sludge management (FSM) services in these communities is important for designing demand-responsive sanitation services and policies to improve public health. We examine latrine emptying knowledge, attitudes, behavior, trends and rates of safe/unsafe emptying, and measure demand for a new hygienic latrine emptying service in unplanned communities in Dar Es Salaam (Dar), Tanzania, using data from a cross-sectional survey at 662 residential properties in 35 unplanned sub-wards across Dar, where 97% had pit latrines. A picture emerges of expensive and poor FSM service options for latrine owners, resulting in widespread fecal sludge exposure that is likely to increase unless addressed. Households delay emptying as long as possible, use full pits beyond what is safe, face high costs even for unhygienic emptying, and resort to unsafe practices like ‘flooding out’. We measured strong interest in and willingness to pay (WTP) for the new pit emptying service at 96% of residences; 57% were WTP ≥U.S. $17 to remove ≥200 L of sludge. Emerging policy recommendations for safe FSM in unplanned urban communities in Dar and elsewhere are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Marion W. Jenkins & Oliver Cumming & Sandy Cairncross, 2015. "Pit Latrine Emptying Behavior and Demand for Sanitation Services in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-24, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:12:y:2015:i:3:p:2588-2611:d:46180
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Zachary Burt & Rachel Sklar & Ashley Murray, 2019. "Costs and Willingness to Pay for Pit Latrine Emptying Services in Kigali, Rwanda," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-18, November.
    2. Zhifei Liu & Yue-Mei Fan & Per Ashorn & Chilungamo Chingwanda & Kenneth Maleta & Lotta Hallamaa & Heikki Hyöty & David Chaima & Ulla Ashorn, 2022. "Lack of Associations between Environmental Exposures and Environmental Enteric Dysfunction among 18-Month-Old Children in Rural Malawi," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-12, September.
    3. Mitsunori Odagiri & Ann Thomas & Maraita Listyasari & Freya Mills & Robert E. S. Bain & Zainal Muhammad & Tom Slaymaker & Aldy Mardikanto & Anita Gultom & Asri Indiyani & Hasnani Rangkuti & Juliet Wil, 2021. "Safely Managed On-Site Sanitation: A National Assessment of Sanitation Services and Potential Fecal Exposure in Indonesia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-16, August.
    4. Shannon M. McGinnis & Thomas McKeon & Richa Desai & Akudo Ejelonu & Stanley Laskowski & Heather M. Murphy, 2017. "A Systematic Review: Costing and Financing of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in Schools," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-28, April.
    5. Charles F. C. Chirwa & Ralph P. Hall & Leigh-Anne H. Krometis & Eric A. Vance & Adam Edwards & Ting Guan & Rochelle H. Holm, 2017. "Pit Latrine Fecal Sludge Resistance Using a Dynamic Cone Penetrometer in Low Income Areas in Mzuzu City, Malawi," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-13, February.

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