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Desertification in the Sahel Region: A Product of Climate Change or Human Activities? A Case of Desert Encroachment Monitoring in North-Eastern Nigeria Using Remote Sensing Techniques

Author

Listed:
  • Esther Shupel Ibrahim

    (Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
    Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
    National Centre for Remote Sensing, National Space Research and Development Agency, Abuja PMB 437, Nigeria)

  • Bello Ahmed

    (Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Federal University, Dutse PMB 7156, Nigeria)

  • Oludunsin Tunrayo Arodudu

    (Department of Geography, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland)

  • Jibril Babayo Abubakar

    (National Centre for Remote Sensing, National Space Research and Development Agency, Abuja PMB 437, Nigeria)

  • Bitrus Akila Dang

    (National Centre for Remote Sensing, National Space Research and Development Agency, Abuja PMB 437, Nigeria)

  • Mahmoud Ibrahim Mahmoud

    (National Oil Spill Detection and Research Agency, Federal Ministry of Environment, Abuja PMB 145, Nigeria)

  • Halilu Ahmad Shaba

    (National Space Research and Development Agency, Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, Abuja PMB 437, Nigeria)

  • Sanusi Bello Shamaki

    (Department of Forestry and Environment, Usmanu Dan Fodiyo University, Sokoto PMB 2346, Nigeria)

Abstract

Desertification has become one of the most pronounced ecological disasters, affecting arid and semi-arid areas of Nigeria. This phenomenon is more pronounced in the northern region, particularly the eleven frontline states of Nigeria, sharing borders with the Niger Republic. This has been attributed to a range of natural and anthropogenic factors. Rampant felling of trees for fuelwood, unsustainable agriculture, overgrazing, coupled with unfavourable climatic conditions are among the key factors that aggravate the desertification phenomenon. This study applied geospatial analysis to explore land use/land cover changes and detect major conversions from ecologically active land covers to sand dunes. Results indicate that areas covered by sand dunes (a major indicator of desertification) have doubled over the 25 years under consideration (1990 to 2015). Even though 0.71 km 2 of dunes was converted to vegetation, indicative of the success of various international, national, local and individual afforestation efforts, conversely about 10.1 km 2 of vegetation were converted to sand dunes, implying around 14 times more deforestation compared to afforestation. On average, our results revealed that the sand dune in the study area is progressing at a mean annual rate of 15.2 km 2 annually. The land cover conversion within the 25-year study period was from vegetated land to farmlands. Comparing the progression of a sand dune with climate records of the study area and examining the relationship between indicators of climate change and desertification suggested a mismatch between both processes, as increasing rainfall and lower temperatures observed in 1994, 2005, 2012, and 2014 did not translate into positive feedbacks for desertification in the study area. Likewise, the mean annual Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from 2000 to 2015 shows a deviation between vegetation peaks, mean temperatures and rainfall. On average, our results reveal that the sand dune is progressing at a mean annual rate of about 15.2 km 2 in the study area. Based on this study’s land cover change, trend and conversion assessment, visual reconciliation of climate records of land cover data, statistical analysis, observations from ground-truthing, as well as previous literature, it can be inferred that desertification in Nigeria is less a function of climate change, but more a product of human activities driven by poverty, population growth and failed government policies. Further projections by this study also reveal a high probability of more farmlands being converted to sand dunes by the years 2030 and 2045 if current practices prevail.

Suggested Citation

  • Esther Shupel Ibrahim & Bello Ahmed & Oludunsin Tunrayo Arodudu & Jibril Babayo Abubakar & Bitrus Akila Dang & Mahmoud Ibrahim Mahmoud & Halilu Ahmad Shaba & Sanusi Bello Shamaki, 2022. "Desertification in the Sahel Region: A Product of Climate Change or Human Activities? A Case of Desert Encroachment Monitoring in North-Eastern Nigeria Using Remote Sensing Techniques," Geographies, MDPI, vol. 2(2), pages 1-23, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jgeogr:v:2:y:2022:i:2:p:15-226:d:801951
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Apata, Temidayo Gabriel & Folayan, A. & Apata, O.M. & Akinlua, J., 2011. "The Economic Role of Nigeria’s Subsistence Agriculture in the Transition Process: Implications for Rural Development," 85th Annual Conference, April 18-20, 2011, Warwick University, Coventry, UK 108942, Agricultural Economics Society.
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