IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jftint/v16y2024i7p234-d1425677.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Smart Irrigation Systems from Cyber–Physical Perspective: State of Art and Future Directions

Author

Listed:
  • Mian Qian

    (Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA)

  • Cheng Qian

    (Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hood College, Frederick, MD 21701, USA)

  • Guobin Xu

    (Department of Computer Science, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA)

  • Pu Tian

    (Division of Computer and Science, Stockton University, Galloway, NJ 08205, USA)

  • Wei Yu

    (Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA)

Abstract

Irrigation refers to supplying water to soil through pipes, pumps, and spraying systems to ensure even distribution across the field. In traditional farming or gardening, the setup and usage of an agricultural irrigation system solely rely on the personal experience of farmers. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN) has projected that by 2030, developing countries will expand their irrigated areas by 34%, while water consumption will only be up 14%. This discrepancy highlights the importance of accurately monitoring water flow and volume rather than people’s rough estimations. The smart irrigation systems, a key subsystem of smart agriculture known as the cyber–physical system (CPS) in the agriculture domain, automate the administration of water flow, volume, and timing via using cutting-edge technologies, especially the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, to solve the challenges. This study explores a comprehensive three-dimensional problem space to thoroughly analyze the IoT’s applications in irrigation systems. Our framework encompasses several critical domains in smart irrigation systems. These domains include soil science, sensor technology, communication protocols, data analysis techniques, and the practical implementations of automated irrigation systems, such as remote monitoring, autonomous operation, and intelligent decision-making processes. Finally, we discuss a few challenges and outline future research directions in this promising field.

Suggested Citation

  • Mian Qian & Cheng Qian & Guobin Xu & Pu Tian & Wei Yu, 2024. "Smart Irrigation Systems from Cyber–Physical Perspective: State of Art and Future Directions," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-23, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jftint:v:16:y:2024:i:7:p:234-:d:1425677
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/7/234/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/16/7/234/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Baziar, Aliasghar & Askari, Mohammadreza & Taherianfard, Elahe & Heydari, Mohammad Hossein & Niknam, Taher, 2024. "Towards a Cyber-Physical System for Sustainable and Smart Economic Building: A Use Case for Optimizing Water and Energy Consumption," MPRA Paper 123270, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jftint:v:16:y:2024:i:7:p:234-:d:1425677. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    We have no bibliographic references for this item. You can help adding them by using this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.