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Retrofitting Conventional Electric Domestic Hot Water Heaters to Solar Water Heating Systems in Single-Family Houses—Model Validation and Optimization

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  • Luis R. Bernardo

    (Energy and Building Design Division, Lund University, Box 118 SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden)

Abstract

System cost reductions and development of standardised plug-and-function systems are some of the most important goals for solar heating technology development. Retrofitting hot water boilers in single-family houses when installing solar collectors has the potential to significantly reduce both material and installation costs. In this study, the TRNSYS simulation models of the retrofitting solar thermal system were validated against measurements. Results show that the validated models are in good agreement with measurements. On an annual basis a deviation of 2.5% out of 1099 kWh was obtained between the auxiliary energy from results and from the simulation model for a complete system. Using the validated model a system optimization was carried out with respect to control strategies for auxiliary heating, heat losses and volume of auxiliary storage. A sensitivity analysis was carried out regarding different volumes of retrofitted hot water boiler, DHW profiles and climates. It was estimated that, with adequate improvements, extended annual solar fractions of 60%, 78% and 81% can be achieved for Lund (Sweden), Lisbon (Portugal) and Lusaka (Zambia), respectively. The correspondent collector area was 6, 4 and 3 m 2 , respectively. The studied retrofitted system achieves a comparable performance with conventional solar thermal systems with the potential to reduce the investment cost.

Suggested Citation

  • Luis R. Bernardo, 2013. "Retrofitting Conventional Electric Domestic Hot Water Heaters to Solar Water Heating Systems in Single-Family Houses—Model Validation and Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-20, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:6:y:2013:i:2:p:953-972:d:23580
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Luis Olmos & Sophia Ruester & Siok Jen Liong & Jean-Michel Glachant, 2010. "Energy Efficiency Actions Related to the Rollout of Smart Meters for Small Consumers," RSCAS Working Papers 2010/02fsr, European University Institute.
    2. Khalifa, Abdul-Jabbar N., 1998. "Forced versus natural circulation solar water heaters: A comparative performance study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 77-82.
    3. Olmos, Luis & Ruester, Sophia & Liong, Siok-Jen & Glachant, Jean-Michel, 2011. "Energy efficiency actions related to the rollout of smart meters for small consumers, application to the Austrian system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(7), pages 4396-4409.
    4. Luis R. Bernardo & Henrik Davidsson & Björn Karlsson, 2012. "Retrofitting Domestic Hot Water Heaters for Solar Water Heating Systems in Single-Family Houses in a Cold Climate: A Theoretical Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(10), pages 1-22, October.
    5. Tsilingiris, P.T., 1996. "Design and performance of large low-cost solar water heating systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 9(1), pages 617-621.
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    Cited by:

    1. Xun Yang & Yong Wang & Teng Xiong, 2017. "Numerical and Experimental Study on a Solar Water Heating System in Lhasa," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-13, July.
    2. Luis Ricardo Bernardo & Henrik Davidsson & Erik Andersson, 2016. "Retrofitted Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems for Swedish Single-Family Houses—Evaluation of a Prototype and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-15, November.
    3. Tian, Shuai & Lu, Yuxin & Zhou, Xin & Zhang, Lun & An, Jingjing & Yan, Da & Shi, Xing & Jin, Xing, 2023. "A new perspective of solar hot water system operation optimization: Supply and demand matching," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 89-104.
    4. Xun Yang & Teng Xiong & Jing Liang Dong & Wen Xin Li & Yong Wang, 2017. "Investigation of the Dynamic Melting Process in a Thermal Energy Storage Unit Using a Helical Coil Heat Exchanger," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-18, August.
    5. Victoria Popsueva & Andrés Franklin Olivares Lopez & Anna Kosinska & Oleg Nikolaev & Boris V. Balakin, 2021. "Field Study on the Thermal Performance of Vacuum Tube Solar Collectors in the Climate Conditions of Western Norway," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-12, May.

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