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Comparative Evaluation of Transient Stability in MMCs: Grid-Forming vs. Grid-Following Strategies

Author

Listed:
  • Wenjia Zhang

    (State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co. Ltd., Economic Research Institute, Nanjing 210008, China)

  • Zhuyi Peng

    (State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co. Ltd., Economic Research Institute, Nanjing 210008, China)

  • Wanchun Qi

    (State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co. Ltd., Economic Research Institute, Nanjing 210008, China)

  • Sixuan Xu

    (State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co. Ltd., Economic Research Institute, Nanjing 210008, China)

  • Hui Cai

    (State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co. Ltd., Economic Research Institute, Nanjing 210008, China)

  • Wentao Sun

    (State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co. Ltd., Economic Research Institute, Nanjing 210008, China)

Abstract

This paper explores how different control strategies—grid-forming and grid-following—impact the transient stability of modular multilevel converters (MMCs) interfacing with AC power grids. By employing electromagnetic transient simulation tools (PSCAD/EMTDC) on an adapted IEEE three-machine, nine-bus system, various scenarios are analyzed, including faults of differing types and locations. In the simulation, traditional synchronous generators (SGs) are replaced by MMCs configured under distinct control modes. Results indicate that grid-forming (GFM) control enhances the receiving-end grid’s transient stability by providing superior phase support and extended fault-clearing times compared to grid-following (GFL) control, with hybrid approaches yielding intermediate performance. These findings underline the importance of converter control selection in achieving robust dynamic operation in modern power systems with a high penetration of renewable energy.

Suggested Citation

  • Wenjia Zhang & Zhuyi Peng & Wanchun Qi & Sixuan Xu & Hui Cai & Wentao Sun, 2025. "Comparative Evaluation of Transient Stability in MMCs: Grid-Forming vs. Grid-Following Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-19, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:8:p:2043-:d:1635932
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