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Time Synchronization Techniques in the Modern Smart Grid: A Comprehensive Survey

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  • Yu Liu

    (Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Tickle College of Engineering, The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA)

  • Biao Sun

    (Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Tickle College of Engineering, The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA)

  • Yuru Wu

    (Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Tickle College of Engineering, The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA)

  • Yongxin Zhang

    (Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Tickle College of Engineering, The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA)

  • Jiahui Yang

    (Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Tickle College of Engineering, The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA)

  • Wen Wang

    (Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Tickle College of Engineering, The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA)

  • Naga Lakshmi Thotakura

    (Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Tickle College of Engineering, The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA)

  • Qian Liu

    (Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Tickle College of Engineering, The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA)

  • Yilu Liu

    (Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Tickle College of Engineering, The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
    Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA)

Abstract

In modern smart grids, accurate and synchronized time signals are essential for effective monitoring, protection, and control. Various time synchronization methods exist, each tailored to specific application needs. Widely adopted solutions, such as GPS, however, are vulnerable to challenges such as signal loss and cyber-attacks, underscoring the need for reliable backup or supplementary solutions. This paper examines the timing requirements across different power grid applications and provides a comprehensive review of available time synchronization mechanisms. Through a comparative analysis of timing methods based on accuracy, flexibility, reliability, and security, this study offers insights to guide the selection of optimal solutions for seamless grid integration.

Suggested Citation

  • Yu Liu & Biao Sun & Yuru Wu & Yongxin Zhang & Jiahui Yang & Wen Wang & Naga Lakshmi Thotakura & Qian Liu & Yilu Liu, 2025. "Time Synchronization Techniques in the Modern Smart Grid: A Comprehensive Survey," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-32, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:5:p:1163-:d:1601004
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yongxin Zhang & Yuru Wu & Yu Liu & Biao Sun & Jiahui Yang & Naga Lakshmi Thotakura & Kazi Ishrak Ahmed & Qian Liu & Chong Shen & Yilu Liu, 2025. "Pulsar’s Application in Energy Systems: Review of Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-18, February.
    2. Terry Jones & Doug Arnold & Frank Tuffner & Rodney Cummings & Kang Lee, 2021. "Recent Advances in Precision Clock Synchronization Protocols for Power Grid Control Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-21, August.
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