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StegoEDCA: An Efficient Covert Channel for Smart Grids Based on IEEE 802.11e Standard

Author

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  • Marek Natkaniec

    (Institute of Telecommunications, AGH University of Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Paweł Kępowicz

    (Institute of Telecommunications, AGH University of Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

Abstract

Smart grids are continuously evolving, incorporating modern technologies such as Wi-Fi, Zigbee, LoRaWAN or BLE. Wi-Fi are commonly used to transmit data from measurement systems, distribution control and monitoring systems, as well as network protection systems. However, since Wi-Fi networks primarily operate on unlicensed frequency bands, this introduces significant security risks for sensitive data transmission. In this paper, we propose a novel and highly efficient covert channels that utilize IEEE 802.11 Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) for data transmission. It is also the first ever covert channel that employ three or four independent covert mechanisms to enhance operational efficiency. The proposed mechanism is also the first to exploit the Transmission Opportunity (TXOP) period and the access categories of the EDCA function. The protocol was developed and tested using the ns-3 simulator, achieving excellent performance results. Its efficiency remains consistent even under heavy network load with additional background traffic. These covert channels provide an innovative solution for securely transmitting large volumes of data within the smart grid.

Suggested Citation

  • Marek Natkaniec & Paweł Kępowicz, 2025. "StegoEDCA: An Efficient Covert Channel for Smart Grids Based on IEEE 802.11e Standard," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-36, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:2:p:330-:d:1566132
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Marek Natkaniec & Jakub Dyrcz, 2024. "StegoDCF: A New Covert Channel for Smart Grids Utilizing the Channel Access Procedure in Wi-Fi Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-26, April.
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