IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i15p3625-d1441430.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Impact of Renewable Energy, Business Climate, and Human Capital on CO 2 Emissions: Empirical Evidence from BRICS Countries

Author

Listed:
  • Funda H. Sezgin

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34500 İstanbul, Turkey)

  • Yilmaz Bayar

    (Department of Public Finance, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, 10200 Balikesir, Turkey)

  • Gamze Sart

    (Department of Educational Sciences, Hasan Ali Yucel Faculty of Education, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34500 İstanbul, Turkey)

  • Marina Danilina

    (Department of Economics, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (PRUE), 117997 Moscow, Russia
    Department of Economics, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, 125167 Moscow, Russia)

Abstract

Since the 1950s, the remarkable amount of global environmental degradation has heightened environmental concerns at both national and international levels. This shift has spurred intensive research into the causes of environmental degradation and potential remedies, including environmental taxes, fines, education, and regulations. The drivers of CO 2 emissions have been widely explored in the literature, but the nexus between business climate, human capital, and CO 2 emissions has not been examined sufficiently. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to delve into the interplay between renewable energy, business climate, human capital, and CO 2 emissions in BRICS countries from 2000 to 2020 using panel causality and cointegration tests. Our research hypotheses suggest that there are significant mutual interactions among renewable energy, business climate, human capital, and CO 2 emissions based on the associated literature. The results of the causality test verify the research hypotheses by uncovering a bidirectional causality between business climate, renewable energy use, human capital, and CO 2 emissions. Furthermore, the cointegration analysis reveals that increases in renewable energy use and human capital decrease CO 2 emissions at the panel level, but a positive business climate increases CO 2 emissions at the panel level. However, the impact of business climate on CO 2 emissions at the country level varies among BRICS economies based on environmental policies. In conclusion, investing in green energy technologies and education is a useful tool to decrease CO 2 emissions. In addition to this, the positive effect of business climate on CO 2 emissions should be balanced by regulations to increase environmental, social, and governance awareness of firms.

Suggested Citation

  • Funda H. Sezgin & Yilmaz Bayar & Gamze Sart & Marina Danilina, 2024. "Impact of Renewable Energy, Business Climate, and Human Capital on CO 2 Emissions: Empirical Evidence from BRICS Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-17, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:15:p:3625-:d:1441430
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/15/3625/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/15/3625/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jiaqi Xiao & Artūras Juodis & Yiannis Karavias & Vasilis Sarafidis & Jan Ditzen, 2023. "Improved tests for Granger noncausality in panel data," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 23(1), pages 230-242, March.
    2. Xu, Deyi & Abbas, Shah & Rafique, Kalsoom & Ali, Najabat, 2023. "The race to net-zero emissions: Can green technological innovation and environmental regulation be the potential pathway to net-zero emissions?," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    3. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2007. "A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 22(2), pages 265-312.
    4. T. S. Breusch & A. R. Pagan, 1980. "The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 47(1), pages 239-253.
    5. M. Hashem Pesaran & Aman Ullah & Takashi Yamagata, 2008. "A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 11(1), pages 105-127, March.
    6. Gene M. Grossman & Alan B. Krueger, 1995. "Economic Growth and the Environment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 110(2), pages 353-377.
    7. Hashem Pesaran, M. & Yamagata, Takashi, 2008. "Testing slope homogeneity in large panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 142(1), pages 50-93, January.
    8. Abdul Rauf & Najabat Ali & Muhammad Nauman Sadiq & Saira Abid & Shahzad Afzal Kayani & Abid Hussain, 2023. "Foreign Direct Investment, Technological Innovations, Energy Use, Economic Growth, and Environmental Sustainability Nexus: New Perspectives in BRICS Economies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-18, September.
    9. Jeremi s M t Balogh & Attila J mbor, 2017. "Determinants of CO2 Emission: A Global Evidence," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 7(5), pages 217-226.
    10. Muhammad Khan & Arslan Tariq Rana & Wafa Ghardallou, 2023. "FDI and CO2 emissions in developing countries: the role of human capital," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 117(1), pages 1125-1155, May.
    11. Jaforullah, Mohammad & King, Alan, 2015. "Does the use of renewable energy sources mitigate CO2 emissions? A reassessment of the US evidence," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 711-717.
    12. Jun Wen & Waheed Ali & Jamal Hussain & Nadeem Akhtar Khan & Hadi Hussain & Najabat Ali & Rizwan Akhtar, 2022. "Dynamics between green innovation and environmental quality: new insights into South Asian economies," Economia Politica: Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics, Springer;Fondazione Edison, vol. 39(2), pages 543-565, July.
    13. Germán Caruso & Inés Marcos & Ilan Noy, 2024. "Climate Changes Affect Human Capital," Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, Springer, vol. 8(1), pages 157-196, March.
    14. Hazwan Haini, 2021. "Examining the impact of ICT, human capital and carbon emissions: Evidence from the ASEAN economies," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 166, pages 116-125.
    15. Omri, Anis & Afi, Hatem, 2020. "How can entrepreneurship and educational capital lead to environmental sustainability?," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 1-10.
    16. Robert J. Barro, 2001. "Human Capital and Growth," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 91(2), pages 12-17, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lina Karabetyan & Gamze Sart, 2023. "The Impact of Entrepreneurship and Education on the Ecological Footprint: Insights from the G-20 States," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-16, December.
    2. Muhammad Shahbaz & Syed Jawad Hussain Shahzad & Mantu Kumar Mahalik & Perry Sadorsky, 2018. "How strong is the causal relationship between globalization and energy consumption in developed economies? A country-specific time-series and panel analysis," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(13), pages 1479-1494, March.
    3. Murshed, Muntasir & Saboori, Behnaz & Madaleno, Mara & Wang, Hong & Doğan, Buhari, 2022. "Exploring the nexuses between nuclear energy, renewable energy, and carbon dioxide emissions: The role of economic complexity in the G7 countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 664-674.
    4. Francisco García-Lillo & Eduardo Sánchez-García & Bartolomé Marco-Lajara & Pedro Seva-Larrosa, 2023. "Renewable Energies and Sustainable Development: A Bibliometric Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-22, January.
    5. Amir Iqbal & Xuan Tang & Samma Faiz Rasool, 2023. "Investigating the nexus between CO2 emissions, renewable energy consumption, FDI, exports and economic growth: evidence from BRICS countries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(3), pages 2234-2263, March.
    6. Kangyin Dong & Xiucheng Dong & Qingzhe Jiang, 2020. "How renewable energy consumption lower global CO2 emissions? Evidence from countries with different income levels," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(6), pages 1665-1698, June.
    7. Mehmet Demiral & Özkan Haykır & Emine Dilara Aktekin-Gök, 2024. "Environmental pollution effects of economic, financial, and industrial development in OPEC: comparative evidence from the environmental Kuznets curve perspective," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(10), pages 24905-24936, October.
    8. Ali, Qamar & Yaseen, Muhammad Rizwan & Anwar, Sofia & Makhdum, Muhammad Sohail Amjad & Khan, Muhammad Tariq Iqbal, 2021. "The impact of tourism, renewable energy, and economic growth on ecological footprint and natural resources: A panel data analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    9. Honoré Tekam Oumbé & Ronald Djeunankan & Alain Mekia Ndzana, 2023. "Does information and communication technologies affect economic complexity?," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 3(4), pages 1-25, April.
    10. Aytun, Cengiz & Erdogan, Sinan & Pata, Ugur Korkut & Cengiz, Orhan, 2024. "Associating environmental quality, human capital, financial development and technological innovation in 19 middle-income countries: A disaggregated ecological footprint approach," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    11. Dong, Kangyin & Hochman, Gal & Zhang, Yaqing & Sun, Renjin & Li, Hui & Liao, Hua, 2018. "CO2 emissions, economic and population growth, and renewable energy: Empirical evidence across regions," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 180-192.
    12. Ozge Kozal, 2024. "A Comparative Analysis on Ecological Footprint of Consumption and Import in Premature Deindustrialized Countries," World Journal of Applied Economics, WERI-World Economic Research Institute, vol. 10(2), pages 87-109, December.
    13. Ioannis Kostakis & Sarantis Lolos, 2024. "Uncovering the impact of cultural heritage on economic growth: empirical evidence from Greek regions, 2000–2019," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 73(3), pages 1209-1239, October.
    14. Nguyen, Thi Hao & Deng, Hongbing & Abbas, Zainab Zahra & Lam, Thi Thoa & Abbas, Hussain Raza, 2024. "The effect of natural capital, regional development, FDI, and natural resource rent on environmental performance: The Mediating role of green innovation," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    15. Emma Serwaa Obobisa & Haibo Chen & Isaac Adjei Mensah, 2023. "Transitions to sustainable development: the role of green innovation and institutional quality," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(7), pages 6751-6780, July.
    16. Zekeriya Mizirak & Kivanç Altintaş, 2018. "The nexus between governance factors and foreign direct investments: Evidence from panel data," Journal of Administrative and Business Studies, Professor Dr. Usman Raja, vol. 4(1), pages 1-8.
    17. Ma, Yechi & Chen, Zhiguo & Shinwari, Riazullah & Khan, Zeeshan, 2021. "Financialization, globalization, and Dutch disease: Is Dutch disease exist for resources rich countries?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    18. Yilmaz Bayar & Mehmet Hilmi Ozkaya & Laura Herta & Marius Dan Gavriletea, 2021. "Financial Development, Financial Inclusion and Primary Energy Use: Evidence from the European Union Transition Economies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-14, June.
    19. Yilmaz Bayar & Marius Dan Gavriletea, 2018. "Foreign Direct Investment Inflows and Financial Development in Central and Eastern European Union Countries: A Panel Cointegration and Causality," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-13, May.
    20. Kassouri, Yacouba & Alola, Andrew Adewale & Savaş, Savaş, 2021. "The dynamics of material consumption in phases of the economic cycle for selected emerging countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:15:p:3625-:d:1441430. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.