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Studying the Optimal Frequency Control Condition for Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Stations as a Dynamic Load Using Reinforcement Learning Algorithms in Different Photovoltaic Penetration Levels

Author

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  • Ibrahim Altarjami

    (Electrical Engineering Department, Taibah University, Madinah 44256, Saudi Arabia)

  • Yassir Alhazmi

    (Electrical Engineering Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of renewable energy penetration on system stability and validates the performance of the (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) PID-(reinforcement learning) RL control technique. Three scenarios were examined: no photovoltaic (PV), 25% PV, and 50% PV, to evaluate the impact of PV penetration on system stability. The results demonstrate that while the absence of renewable energy yields a more stable frequency response, a higher PV penetration (50%) enhances stability in tie-line active power flow between interconnected systems. This shows that an increased PV penetration improves frequency balance and active power flow stability. Additionally, the study evaluates three control scenarios: no control input, PID-(Particle Swarm Optimization) PSO, and PID-RL, to validate the performance of the PID-RL control technique. The findings show that the EV system with PID-RL outperforms the other scenarios in terms of frequency response, tie-line active power response, and frequency difference response. The PID-RL controller significantly enhances the damping of the dominant oscillation mode and restores the stability within the first 4 s—after the disturbance in first second. This leads to an improved stability compared to the EV system with PID-PSO (within 21 s) and without any control input (oscillating more than 30 s). Overall, this research provides the improvement in terms of frequency response, tie-line active power response, and frequency difference response with high renewable energy penetration levels and the research validates the effectiveness of the PID-RL control technique in stabilizing the EV system. These findings can contribute to the development of strategies for integrating renewable energy sources and optimizing control systems, ensuring a more stable and sustainable power grid.

Suggested Citation

  • Ibrahim Altarjami & Yassir Alhazmi, 2024. "Studying the Optimal Frequency Control Condition for Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Stations as a Dynamic Load Using Reinforcement Learning Algorithms in Different Photovoltaic Penetration Levels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-19, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:11:p:2593-:d:1403355
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dhanasekaran Boopathi & Kaliannan Jagatheesan & Baskaran Anand & Sourav Samanta & Nilanjan Dey, 2023. "Frequency Regulation of Interlinked Microgrid System Using Mayfly Algorithm-Based PID Controller," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-19, May.
    2. Jiting Cao & Meng Zhang & Yang Li, 2021. "A Review of Data-Driven Short-Term Voltage Stability Assessment of Power Systems: Concept, Principle, and Challenges," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2021, pages 1-12, December.
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