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Energy Production Analysis of Rooftop PV Systems Equipped with Module-Level Power Electronics under Partial Shading Conditions Based on Mixed-Effects Model

Author

Listed:
  • Ngoc Thien Le

    (Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Grid Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand)

  • Thanh Le Truong

    (Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Grid Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand)

  • Widhyakorn Asdornwised

    (Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Grid Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand)

  • Surachai Chaitusaney

    (Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Grid Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand)

  • Watit Benjapolakul

    (Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Grid Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand)

Abstract

The rooftop photovoltaic (PV) system that uses a power optimization device at the module level (MLPE) has been theoretically proven to have an advantage over other types in case of reducing the effect of partial shading. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of studies about the energy production of such a system in real working conditions with the impact of partial shading conditions (PSC). In this study, we evaluated the electrical energy production of the PV systems which use two typical configurations of power optimization at the PV panel level, a DC optimizer and a microinverter, using their real datasets working under PSC. Firstly, we compared the energy utilization ratio of the monthly energy production of these systems to the reference ones generated from PVWatt software to evaluate the effect of PSC on energy production. Secondly, we conducted a linear decline model to estimate the annual degradation rate of PV systems during a 6-year period to evaluate the effect of PSC on the PV’s degradation rate. In order to perform these evaluations, we utilized a mixed-effects model, a practical approach for studying time series data. The findings showed that the energy utilization ratio of PVs with MLPE was reduced by about 14.7 % ( 95 % confidence interval: − 27.3 % to − 2.0 % ) under PSC, compared to that under nonshading conditions (NSC). Another finding was that the PSC did not significantly impact the PV’s annual energy degradation rate, which was about − 50 (Wh/kW) per year. Our finding could therefore be used by homeowners to help make their decision, as a recommendation to select the gained energy production under PSC or the cost of a rooftop PV system using MLPE for their investment. Our finding also suggested that in the area where partial shading rarely happened, the rooftop PV system using a string or centralized inverter configuration was a more appropriate option than MLPE. Finally, our study provides an understanding about the ability of MLPE to reduce the effect of PSC in real working conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Ngoc Thien Le & Thanh Le Truong & Widhyakorn Asdornwised & Surachai Chaitusaney & Watit Benjapolakul, 2023. "Energy Production Analysis of Rooftop PV Systems Equipped with Module-Level Power Electronics under Partial Shading Conditions Based on Mixed-Effects Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-15, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:2:p:970-:d:1036500
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lai, Chun Sing & McCulloch, Malcolm D., 2017. "Levelized cost of electricity for solar photovoltaic and electrical energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 191-203.
    2. Mehedi, I.M. & Salam, Z. & Ramli, M.Z. & Chin, V.J. & Bassi, H. & Rawa, M.J.H. & Abdullah, M.P., 2021. "Critical evaluation and review of partial shading mitigation methods for grid-connected PV system using hardware solutions: The module-level and array-level approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    3. Sajid Sarwar & Muhammad Yaqoob Javed & Mujtaba Hussain Jaffery & Muhammad Saqib Ashraf & Muhammad Talha Naveed & Muhammad Annas Hafeez, 2022. "Modular Level Power Electronics (MLPE) Based Distributed PV System for Partial Shaded Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-39, June.
    4. Odysseas Tsafarakis & Kostas Sinapis & Wilfried G. J. H. M. van Sark, 2019. "A Time-Series Data Analysis Methodology for Effective Monitoring of Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-18, May.
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