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Differences in Direct Geothermal Energy Utilization for Heating and Cooling in Central and Northern European Countries

Author

Listed:
  • Ellen Nordgård-Hansen

    (NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Jon Lilletuns vei 9 H, 3.et, 4879 Grimstad, Norway)

  • Ingvild Firman Fjellså

    (NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Postboks 8046, 4068 Stavanger, Norway)

  • Tamás Medgyes

    (InnoGeo, 13 Dugonics tér, 6720 Szeged, Hungary)

  • María Guðmundsdóttir

    (Orkustofnun, Orkugardur, Grensasvegur 9, 108 Reykjavik, Iceland)

  • Baldur Pétursson

    (Orkustofnun, Orkugardur, Grensasvegur 9, 108 Reykjavik, Iceland)

  • Maciej Miecznik

    (Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. J. Wybickiego 7A, 31-261 Kraków, Poland)

  • Leszek Pająk

    (Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. J. Wybickiego 7A, 31-261 Kraków, Poland)

  • Oto Halás

    (SLOVGEOTERM a.s., Palisády 39, 811 06 Bratislava, Slovakia)

  • Einar Leknes

    (NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Postboks 8046, 4068 Stavanger, Norway)

  • Kirsti Midttømme

    (NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Postboks 22 Nygårdstangen, 5838 Bergen, Norway)

Abstract

Geothermal energy has emerged as an alternative heating source that can replace fossil energy. This mature technology is already in use all over Europe, but there are significant differences in its use between European countries. One possible explanation for this phenomenon concerns societal differences directly related to geothermal energy, the topic that is investigated in this study. The present work proposes using the societal embeddedness level (SEL) method to analyze and compare the status of non-technical factors affecting geothermal energy use in Hungary, Iceland, Norway, Poland, and Slovakia. The method considers four dimensions: environment, stakeholder involvement, policy and regulations, and markets and financial resources. Only Iceland fully covers the four dimensions by reaching all the milestones in the SEL framework. Iceland has the advantage of a long history of active use of geothermal energy for domestic use. The other countries face challenges within several of the dimensions, while the form and cause of these challenges are specific to each country. The findings illustrate that to mitigate climate change and drive the energy transition forward, both technical and societal factors related to various renewable energy sources must be assessed.

Suggested Citation

  • Ellen Nordgård-Hansen & Ingvild Firman Fjellså & Tamás Medgyes & María Guðmundsdóttir & Baldur Pétursson & Maciej Miecznik & Leszek Pająk & Oto Halás & Einar Leknes & Kirsti Midttømme, 2023. "Differences in Direct Geothermal Energy Utilization for Heating and Cooling in Central and Northern European Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-30, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:18:p:6465-:d:1234841
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dimitrios Mendrinos & Spyridon Karytsas & Olympia Polyzou & Constantine Karytsas & Åsta Dyrnes Nordø & Kirsti Midttømme & Danny Otto & Matthias Gross & Marit Sprenkeling & Ruben Peuchen & Tara Geerdin, 2022. "Understanding Societal Requirements of CCS Projects: Application of the Societal Embeddedness Level Assessment Methodology in Four National Case Studies," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 4(4), pages 1-15, September.
    2. Chamorro, César R. & García-Cuesta, José L. & Mondéjar, María E. & Pérez-Madrazo, Alfonso, 2014. "Enhanced geothermal systems in Europe: An estimation and comparison of the technical and sustainable potentials," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 250-263.
    3. Ewa Chomać-Pierzecka & Anna Sobczak & Dariusz Soboń, 2022. "The Potential and Development of the Geothermal Energy Market in Poland and the Baltic States—Selected Aspects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-20, June.
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