Computational Investigation of Blade–Vortex Interaction of Coaxial Rotors for eVTOL Vehicles

In the design of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles, coaxial rotors have garnered significant attention due to their superior space usage and aerodynamic efficiency compared to standard rotors. However, it is challenging to study the flow field near the rotors due to the blade–vortex interface (BVI) and vortex–vortex contact between two rotors. Using sliding mesh technology and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solvers, a numerical method was established to simulate the flow field of a coaxial rotor in hover, which was verified by experiments. Using this method, this paper analyzes the relationship between position and intensity of the tip vortex of the upper rotor, the axial velocity of induced flow and the load distribution on the blades at the azimuth when the BVI phenomenon occurs with a difference in rotational speed and rotor spacing. The results indicate that, when the BVI phenomenon appears, the blade-tip vortex of the top rotor rapidly dissipates, and the load distribution of the lower blade changes due to the induced flow of the vortex. When the rotational speed increases, the spanwise thrust coefficient of each rotor changes slightly. The vortex–vortex interaction becomes stronger, which leads to vortex pairing. When the distance between the rotors decreases, the BVI phenomenon occurs at an earlier azimuth and the location of the BVI moves towards the tip of the lower blade. The vortex–vortex interaction is also enhanced, which leads to vortex pairing and vortex merging.