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Municipal Sewage Sludge Composting in the Two-Stage System: The Role of Different Bulking Agents and Amendments

Author

Listed:
  • Dorota Kulikowska

    (Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-709 Olsztyn, Poland)

  • Katarzyna Bernat

    (Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-709 Olsztyn, Poland)

  • Magdalena Zaborowska

    (Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-709 Olsztyn, Poland)

  • Magdalena Zielińska

    (Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-709 Olsztyn, Poland)

Abstract

This study assessed the effect of different lignocellulosic amendments and bulking agents on compost stability (based on a 4 day respiration activity test, AT4, and self-heating factor, SH F ) and maturity (based on the nitrification index I nitr and the ratio of C in humic acids, HA, to total organic carbon, TOC, in compost, C HA /TOC). With all feedstock compositions (FCs), the share of sewage sludge was 79% (wet mass). For FC 1 , wood chips (13.5%) and wheat straw (7.5%) were used as bulking agents and amendments; for FC 2 , instead of wood chips, energy willow was added; for FC 3 , pine bark (13.5%) and conifer sawdust (7.5%) were used. All FCs produced stable and mature compost; however, with FC 2 , the thermophilic phase last 3 days longer than with the other FCs. Moreover, an AT4 value below 10 g O 2 /kg dry mass (d.m.) was obtained the earliest with FC 2 (after 45 days, ca. 15–20 days earlier than with other FCs). With FC 2 , I nitr below 0.5 was obtained in ca. 60 days, 10 days earlier than with FC 3 and 30 days earlier than with FC 1 . The highest net increases in HS (86.0 mg C/g organic matter (OM)) and HA (56.3 mg C/g OM) were also noted with FC 2 ; with other FCs, the concentrations of these compounds were from 1.3- to 1.5-fold (HS) and from 1.4- to 1.9-fold (HA) lower. With FC 2 , the highest C HA /TOC (15.5%) was also noted, indicating that this compost contained the largest share of the most stable form of organic carbon. The rates of OM removal in the bioreactor ranged from 7.8 to 10.1 g/(kg d.m.·day). The rates of SH and HA formation ranged from 1.63 to 4.83 mg C/(g OM·day) and from 1.23 to 1.80 mg C/(g OM·day), respectively. This means that, through the choice of the amendments and bulking agents, the length of the composting time needed to obtain a stable and mature product can be controlled.

Suggested Citation

  • Dorota Kulikowska & Katarzyna Bernat & Magdalena Zaborowska & Magdalena Zielińska, 2022. "Municipal Sewage Sludge Composting in the Two-Stage System: The Role of Different Bulking Agents and Amendments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-14, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:14:p:5014-:d:858962
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dorota Kulikowska & Katarzyna Bernat, 2021. "Waste Willow-Bark from Salicylate Extraction Successfully Reused as an Amendment for Sewage Sludge Composting," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-11, June.
    2. Isabella Pecorini & Eleonora Peruzzi & Elena Albini & Serena Doni & Cristina Macci & Grazia Masciandaro & Renato Iannelli, 2020. "Evaluation of MSW Compost and Digestate Mixtures for a Circular Economy Application," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-18, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Dorota Kulikowska & Katarzyna Bernat, 2022. "Composting of Municipal Sewage Sludge and Lignocellulosic Waste: Nitrogen Transformations and Humic Substances Molecular Weight," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-13, December.

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