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Microgrid and Distributed Energy Resources Standards and Guidelines Review: Grid Connection and Operation Technical Requirements

Author

Listed:
  • David Rebollal

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, University Carlos III of Madrid (UC3M), Avda. De la Universidad 30, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain)

  • Miguel Carpintero-Rentería

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, University Carlos III of Madrid (UC3M), Avda. De la Universidad 30, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain)

  • David Santos-Martín

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, University Carlos III of Madrid (UC3M), Avda. De la Universidad 30, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain)

  • Mónica Chinchilla

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, University Carlos III of Madrid (UC3M), Avda. De la Universidad 30, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain)

Abstract

In this review, the state of the art of 23 distributed generation and microgrids standards has been analyzed. Among these standards, 18 correspond mainly to distributed generation while five of them introduce the concept of microgrid. The following topics have been considered: interconnection criteria, operating conditions, control capabilities, power quality, protection functions and reference variables. The revised national standards cover ten countries on four continents, which represents 80% of the countries with the largest installed renewable capacities. In addition, eight other relevant international standards have been analyzed, finding IEEE 1547 as the most comprehensive standard. It is identified a clear need to define a common framework for distributed energy resources (DERs) and microgrid standards in the future, wherein topics, terminology, and values are expressed in a manner that may widely cover the entire diversity in a way similar to how it has already been expressed at the network transport level by the ENTSO-E codes.

Suggested Citation

  • David Rebollal & Miguel Carpintero-Rentería & David Santos-Martín & Mónica Chinchilla, 2021. "Microgrid and Distributed Energy Resources Standards and Guidelines Review: Grid Connection and Operation Technical Requirements," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-24, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:3:p:523-:d:483508
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Kaiye Gao & Tianshi Wang & Chenjing Han & Jinhao Xie & Ye Ma & Rui Peng, 2021. "A Review of Optimization of Microgrid Operation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-39, May.
    2. Yuriy Bilan & Marcin Rabe & Katarzyna Widera, 2022. "Distributed Energy Resources: Operational Benefits," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-7, November.
    3. José F. C. Castro & Ronaldo A. Roncolatto & Antonio R. Donadon & Vittoria E. M. S. Andrade & Pedro Rosas & Rafael G. Bento & José G. Matos & Fernando A. Assis & Francisco C. R. Coelho & Rodolfo Quadro, 2023. "Microgrid Applications and Technical Challenges—The Brazilian Status of Connection Standards and Operational Procedures," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-25, March.
    4. Sulman Shahzad & Muhammad Abbas Abbasi & Hassan Ali & Muhammad Iqbal & Rania Munir & Heybet Kilic, 2023. "Possibilities, Challenges, and Future Opportunities of Microgrids: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-28, April.
    5. Hegazy Rezk & A. G. Olabi & Enas Taha Sayed & Tabbi Wilberforce, 2023. "Role of Metaheuristics in Optimizing Microgrids Operating and Management Issues: A Comprehensive Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-27, March.
    6. Tomislav Capuder & Bojana Barać & Matija Kostelac & Matej Krpan, 2023. "Three-Stage Modeling Framework for Analyzing Islanding Capabilities of Decarbonized Energy Communities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-24, May.
    7. Boscaino, Valeria & Ditta, Vito & Marsala, Giuseppe & Panzavecchia, Nicola & Tinè, Giovanni & Cosentino, Valentina & Cataliotti, Antonio & Di Cara, Dario, 2024. "Grid-connected photovoltaic inverters: Grid codes, topologies and control techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PA).
    8. Amrutha Raju Battula & Sandeep Vuddanti & Surender Reddy Salkuti, 2021. "Review of Energy Management System Approaches in Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-32, September.
    9. Ahmed Sulaiman Alsafran, 2023. "A Feasibility Study of Implementing IEEE 1547 and IEEE 2030 Standards for Microgrid in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-15, February.
    10. Nien-Che Yang & Yong-Chang Zhang & Eunike Widya Adinda, 2022. "Sizing and Sitting of Battery Energy Storage Systems in Distribution Networks with Transient Stability Consideration," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(19), pages 1-25, September.

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