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The Highest Peaks of the Mountains: Comparing the Use of GNSS, LiDAR Point Clouds, DTMs, Databases, Maps, and Historical Sources

Author

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  • Stanisław Szombara

    (Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Marta Róg

    (Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Krystian Kozioł

    (Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Kamil Maciuk

    (Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
    Joint International Tourism College, Hainan University—Arizona State University, Haikou 570228, China)

  • Bogdan Skorupa

    (Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Jacek Kudrys

    (Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
    Joint International Tourism College, Hainan University—Arizona State University, Haikou 570228, China)

  • Tomáš Lepeška

    (Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, SK-960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia)

  • Michal Apollo

    (Joint International Tourism College, Hainan University—Arizona State University, Haikou 570228, China
    Department of Tourism and Regional Studies, Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Krakow, Poland
    Center for Tourism Research, Wakayama University, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan)

Abstract

Advances in remote data acquisition techniques have contributed to the flooding of society with spatial data sets and information. Widely available spatial data sets, including digital terrain models (DTMs) from aerial laser scanning (ALS) data, are finding more and more new applications. The article analyses and compares the heights of the 14 highest peaks of the Polish Carpathians derived from different data sources. Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) geodetic measurements were used as reference. The comparison primarily involves ALS data, and selected peaks’ GNSS measurements carried out with Xiaomi Mi 8 smartphones were also compared. Recorded raw smartphone GNSS measurements were used for calculations in post-processing mode. Other data sources were, among others, global and local databases and models and topographic maps (modern and old). The article presents an in-depth comparison of Polish and Slovak point clouds for two peaks. The results indicate the possible use of large-area laser scanning in determining the maximum heights of mountain peaks and the need to use geodetic GNSS measurements for selected peaks. For the Polish peak of Rysy, the incorrect classification of point clouds causes its height to be overestimated. The conclusions presented in the article can be used in the dissemination of knowledge and to improve positioning methods.

Suggested Citation

  • Stanisław Szombara & Marta Róg & Krystian Kozioł & Kamil Maciuk & Bogdan Skorupa & Jacek Kudrys & Tomáš Lepeška & Michal Apollo, 2021. "The Highest Peaks of the Mountains: Comparing the Use of GNSS, LiDAR Point Clouds, DTMs, Databases, Maps, and Historical Sources," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-29, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:18:p:5731-:d:633621
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hailong Huang & Andrey V. Savkin, 2021. "Path Planning for a Solar-Powered UAV Inspecting Mountain Sites for Safety and Rescue," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-19, April.
    2. D. L. Egholm & S. B. Nielsen & V. K. Pedersen & J.-E. Lesemann, 2009. "Glacial effects limiting mountain height," Nature, Nature, vol. 460(7257), pages 884-887, August.
    3. Fengbo Yang & Xinyu Xue & Chen Cai & Zhu Sun & Qingqing Zhou, 2018. "Numerical Simulation and Analysis on Spray Drift Movement of Multirotor Plant Protection Unmanned Aerial Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-20, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Karolina Krzykowska-Piotrowska & Mirosław Siergiejczyk, 2022. "On the Navigation, Positioning and Wireless Communication of the Companion Robot in Outdoor Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-4, July.

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    Keywords

    GNSS; LiDAR; DTM; data quality; mountains;
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