IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v13y2020i1p208-d304307.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Planning an Energy–Water–Environment Nexus System in Coal-Dependent Regions under Uncertainties

Author

Listed:
  • Cong Chen

    (Donlinks School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Lei Yu

    (School of Water Conservancy & Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China)

  • Xueting Zeng

    (School of Labor Economics, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing 100070, China)

  • Guohe Huang

    (Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada)

  • Yongping Li

    (Environment and Energy Systems Engineering Research Center, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)

Abstract

Energy, water, and environment are inextricably interwoven in the complex social and economic networks. This study proposes an optimization model for planning the energy–water–environment nexus system (EWENS) through incorporating the linear autoregressive integrated moving average model prediction model (ARIMA), Monte Carlo simulation, chance-constrained programming (CCP), and type-2 fuzzy programming (T2FP) into one general framework. This method effectively tackles type-2 fuzzy set and stochastic uncertainties. The proposed model can quantitatively explore the interconnections between water, energy, and environment systems and generate an optimized solution for EWENS. The proposed model was applied to a coal-dominated region of China, i.e., Inner Mongolia. Several findings and policy implications were obtained. First, the total water supply for energy-generating activities will range from 1368.10 × 10 6 m 3 to 1370.62 × 10 6 m 3 , at the end of planning periods. Second, the electricity for water supply will range from 2164.07 × 10 6 kWh to 2167.65 × 10 6 kWh at the end of the planning periods, with a growth rate of 46.06–48.72%. Thirdly, lifecycle carbon dioxide emission (LCDE) is projected to range from 931.85 × 10 6 tons to 947.00 × 10 6 tons at the end of the planning periods. Wastewater and SO 2 , NOx, and particulate matter (PM) emissions are projected to be 42.72 × 10 3 –43.45 × 10 3 tons, 183.07 × 10 3 –186.23 × 10 3 tons, 712.38 × 10 3 –724.73 × 10 3 tons, and 38.14 × 10 3 –38.80 × 10 3 tons at the end of the planning periods. Fourthly, as the largest electricity-exporting city of China, Inner Mongolia’s electricity outflows will export 1435.78 × 10 6 m 3 of virtual water to other regions, implying that Inner Mongolia is pumping its important water resource to support other regions’ electricity demands. Finally, high carbon mitigation levels can effectively optimize the electricity power mix, reduce consumption amounts of water and coal, and mitigate air pollutants, wastewater, and LCDE. The obtained results provide useful information for managers to develop a sustainability plan for the EWENS.

Suggested Citation

  • Cong Chen & Lei Yu & Xueting Zeng & Guohe Huang & Yongping Li, 2020. "Planning an Energy–Water–Environment Nexus System in Coal-Dependent Regions under Uncertainties," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-40, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:1:p:208-:d:304307
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/1/208/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/1/208/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhang, Xiaodong & Vesselinov, Velimir V., 2016. "Energy-water nexus: Balancing the tradeoffs between two-level decision makers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 77-87.
    2. White, David J. & Hubacek, Klaus & Feng, Kuishuang & Sun, Laixiang & Meng, Bo, 2018. "The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in East Asia: A tele-connected value chain analysis using inter-regional input-output analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 550-567.
    3. Li, Xin & Feng, Kuishuang & Siu, Yim Ling & Hubacek, Klaus, 2012. "Energy-water nexus of wind power in China: The balancing act between CO2 emissions and water consumption," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 440-448.
    4. Lubega, William N. & Farid, Amro M., 2014. "Quantitative engineering systems modeling and analysis of the energy–water nexus," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 142-157.
    5. Lv, J. & Li, Y.P. & Shan, B.G. & Jin, S.W. & Suo, C., 2018. "Planning energy-water nexus system under multiple uncertainties – A case study of Hebei province," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 389-403.
    6. Tsolas, Spyridon D. & Karim, M. Nazmul & Hasan, M.M. Faruque, 2018. "Optimization of water-energy nexus: A network representation-based graphical approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C), pages 230-250.
    7. Yuan, Chaoqing & Liu, Sifeng & Fang, Zhigeng, 2016. "Comparison of China's primary energy consumption forecasting by using ARIMA (the autoregressive integrated moving average) model and GM(1,1) model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 384-390.
    8. Soprani, Stefano & Marongiu, Fabrizio & Christensen, Ludvig & Alm, Ole & Petersen, Kenni Dinesen & Ulrich, Thomas & Engelbrecht, Kurt, 2019. "Design and testing of a horizontal rock bed for high temperature thermal energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    9. Yang, Xuechun & Wang, Yutao & Sun, Mingxing & Wang, Renqing & Zheng, Peiming, 2018. "Exploring the environmental pressures in urban sectors: An energy-water-carbon nexus perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 2298-2307.
    10. Erdogdu, Erkan, 2007. "Electricity demand analysis using cointegration and ARIMA modelling: A case study of Turkey," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 1129-1146, February.
    11. Guan, Panbo & Huang, Guohe & Wu, Chuanbao & Wang, Linrui & Li, Chaoci & Wang, Yuanyi, 2019. "Analysis of emission taxes levying on regional electric power structure adjustment with an inexact optimization model - A case study of Zibo, China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    12. Jimenez, Mariano & Arenas, Mar & Bilbao, Amelia & Rodri'guez, M. Victoria, 2007. "Linear programming with fuzzy parameters: An interactive method resolution," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 177(3), pages 1599-1609, March.
    13. Mihaela Simionescu & Yuriy Bilan & Emília Krajňáková & Dalia Streimikiene & Stanisław Gędek, 2019. "Renewable Energy in the Electricity Sector and GDP per Capita in the European Union," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-15, June.
    14. Moradi, Mohammad H. & Hajinazari, Mehdi & Jamasb, Shahriar & Paripour, Mahmoud, 2013. "An energy management system (EMS) strategy for combined heat and power (CHP) systems based on a hybrid optimization method employing fuzzy programming," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 86-101.
    15. Wang, Qiang & Li, Shuyu & Li, Rongrong, 2018. "China's dependency on foreign oil will exceed 80% by 2030: Developing a novel NMGM-ARIMA to forecast China's foreign oil dependence from two dimensions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 151-167.
    16. Li, Xian & Yang, Lili & Zheng, Heran & Shan, Yuli & Zhang, Zongyong & Song, Malin & Cai, Bofeng & Guan, Dabo, 2019. "City-level water-energy nexus in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 827-834.
    17. Liu, J. & Nie, S. & Shan, B.G. & Li, Y.P. & Huang, G.H. & Liu, Z.P., 2019. "Development of an interval-credibility-chance constrained energy-water nexus system planning model—a case study of Xiamen, China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 677-693.
    18. Chu, Chu & Ritter, William & Sun, Xiaohui, 2019. "Spatial variances of water-energy nexus in China and its implications for provincial resource interdependence," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 487-502.
    19. Oke, Doris & Mukherjee, Rajib & Sengupta, Debalina & Majozi, Thokozani & El-Halwagi, Mahmoud M., 2019. "Optimization of water-energy nexus in shale gas exploration: From production to transmission," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 651-669.
    20. A. Charnes & W. W. Cooper, 1983. "Response to "Decision Problems Under Risk and Chance Constrained Programming: Dilemmas in the Transition"," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 29(6), pages 750-753, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ding, Tao & Liang, Liang & Zhou, Kaile & Yang, Min & Wei, Yuqi, 2020. "Water-energy nexus: The origin, development and prospect," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 419(C).
    2. Sharifzadeh, Mahdi & Hien, Raymond Khoo Teck & Shah, Nilay, 2019. "China’s roadmap to low-carbon electricity and water: Disentangling greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from electricity-water nexus via renewable wind and solar power generation, and carbon capture and sto," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 31-42.
    3. Wang, P.P. & Li, Y.P. & Huang, G.H. & Wang, S.G., 2022. "A multivariate statistical input–output model for analyzing water-carbon nexus system from multiple perspectives - Jing-Jin-Ji region," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    4. Hao Li & Yuhuan Zhao & Jiang Lin, 2020. "A review of the energy–carbon–water nexus: Concepts, research focuses, mechanisms, and methodologies," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 9(1), January.
    5. Liu, J. & Nie, S. & Shan, B.G. & Li, Y.P. & Huang, G.H. & Liu, Z.P., 2019. "Development of an interval-credibility-chance constrained energy-water nexus system planning model—a case study of Xiamen, China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 677-693.
    6. Yu, L. & Xiao, Y. & Jiang, S. & Li, Y.P. & Fan, Y.R. & Huang, G.H. & Lv, J. & Zuo, Q.T. & Wang, F.Q., 2020. "A copula-based fuzzy interval-random programming approach for planning water-energy nexus system under uncertainty," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    7. Meng, Fanxin & Wang, Dongfang & Meng, Xiaoyan & Li, Hui & Liu, Gengyuan & Yuan, Qiuling & Hu, Yuanchao & Zhang, Yi, 2022. "Mapping urban energy–water–land nexus within a multiscale economy: A case study of four megacities in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
    8. Syed Aziz Ur Rehman & Yanpeng Cai & Rizwan Fazal & Gordhan Das Walasai & Nayyar Hussain Mirjat, 2017. "An Integrated Modeling Approach for Forecasting Long-Term Energy Demand in Pakistan," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-23, November.
    9. Zhai, Mengyu & Huang, Guohe & Liu, Lirong & Zheng, Boyue & Guan, Yuru, 2020. "Inter-regional carbon flows embodied in electricity transmission: network simulation for energy-carbon nexus," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    10. Zhao, Yuhuan & Shi, Qiaoling & li, Hao & Qian, Zhiling & Zheng, Lu & Wang, Song & He, Yizhang, 2022. "Simulating the economic and environmental effects of integrated policies in energy-carbon-water nexus of China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PA).
    11. Wang, Qiang & Jiang, Feng, 2019. "Integrating linear and nonlinear forecasting techniques based on grey theory and artificial intelligence to forecast shale gas monthly production in Pennsylvania and Texas of the United States," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 781-803.
    12. Wu, X.D. & Chen, G.Q., 2017. "Energy and water nexus in power generation: The surprisingly high amount of industrial water use induced by solar power infrastructure in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 125-136.
    13. Yongsheng Wang & Chenhuan Kou & Xujun Zhai, 2022. "Systematic Modeling and Policy Analysis on the Urban Water–Energy Nexus for Sustainable Resources Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-14, November.
    14. Zhang, Xiaohong & Qi, Yan & Wang, Yanqing & Wu, Jun & Lin, Lili & Peng, Hong & Qi, Hui & Yu, Xiaoyu & Zhang, Yanzong, 2016. "Effect of the tap water supply system on China's economy and energy consumption, and its emissions’ impact," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 660-671.
    15. Xiao, Zhengyan & Yao, Meiqin & Tang, Xiaotong & Sun, Luxi, 2019. "Identifying critical supply chains: An input-output analysis for Food-Energy-Water Nexus in China," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 392(C), pages 31-37.
    16. Cao, R. & Huang, G.H. & Chen, J.P. & Li, Y.P. & He, C.Y., 2021. "A chance-constrained urban agglomeration energy model for cooperative carbon emission management," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
    17. Jin, Yi & Tang, Xu & Feng, Cuiyang & Höök, Mikael, 2017. "Energy and water conservation synergy in China: 2007–2012," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 206-215.
    18. Lv, J. & Li, Y.P. & Huang, G.H. & Suo, C. & Mei, H. & Li, Y., 2020. "Quantifying the impact of water availability on China's energy system under uncertainties: A perceptive of energy-water nexus," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    19. Khan, Zarrar & Linares, Pedro & García-González, Javier, 2017. "Integrating water and energy models for policy driven applications. A review of contemporary work and recommendations for future developments," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 1123-1138.
    20. Araya, Natalia & Ramírez, Yendery & Cisternas, Luis A. & Kraslawski, Andrzej, 2021. "Use of real options to enhance water-energy nexus in mine tailings management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:1:p:208-:d:304307. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.