The Extraction of Torreya grandis Growing Areas Using a Spatial–Spectral Fused Attention Network and Multitemporal Sentinel-2 Images: A Case Study of the Kuaiji Mountain Region

Global climate change poses a serious threat to Torreya grandis , a rare and economically important tree species, making the accurate mapping of its spatial distribution essential for forest resource management. However, extracting forest-growing areas remains challenging due to the limited spatial and temporal resolution of remote sensing data and the insufficient classification capability of traditional algorithms for complex land cover types. This study utilized monthly Sentinel-2 imagery from 2023 to extract multitemporal spectral bands, vegetation indices, and texture features. Following minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) feature selection, a spatial–spectral fused attention network (SSFAN) was developed to extract the distribution of T. grandis in the Kuaiji Mountain area and to analyze the influence of topographic factors. Compared with traditional deep learning models such as 2D-CNN, 3D-CNN, and HybridSN, the SSFAN model achieved superior performance, with an overall accuracy of 99.1% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.961. The results indicate that T. grandis is primarily distributed on the western, southern, and southwestern slopes, with higher occurrence at elevations above 500–600 m and on slopes steeper than 20°. The SSFAN model effectively integrates spectral–spatial information and leverages a self-attention mechanism to enhance classification accuracy. Furthermore, this study highlights the joint influence of natural factors and human land-use decisions on the distribution pattern of T. grandis. These findings aid precision planting and resource management while advancing methods for identifying tree species.