Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Remote Sensing for Monitoring Fractional Vegetation Cover in Creeping Plants: A Case Study of Thymus mongolicus Ronniger

Fractional vegetation cover (FVC) is a key indicator of plant growth. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery has gained prominence for FVC monitoring due to its high resolution. However, most studies have focused on single phenological stages or specific crop types, with limited research on the continuous temporal monitoring of creeping plants. This study addresses this gap by focusing on Thymus mongolicus Ronniger ( T. mongolicus ). UAV-acquired visible light and multispectral images were collected across key phenological stages: green-up, budding, early flowering, peak flowering, and fruiting. FVC estimation models were developed using four algorithms: multiple linear regression (MLR), random forest (RF), support vector regression (SVR), and artificial neural network (ANN). The SVR model achieved optimal performance during the green-up (R 2 = 0.87) and early flowering stages (R 2 = 0.91), while the ANN model excelled during budding (R 2 = 0.93), peak flowering (R 2 = 0.95), and fruiting (R 2 = 0.77). The predictions of the best-performing models were consistent with ground truth FVC values, thereby effectively capturing dynamic changes in FVC. FVC growth rates exhibited distinct variations across phenological stages, indicating high consistency between predicted and actual growth trends. This study highlights the feasibility of UAV-based FVC monitoring for T. mongolicus and indicates its potential for tracking creeping plants.