Establishing a Hyperspectral Model for the Chlorophyll and Crude Protein Content in Alpine Meadows Using a Backward Feature Elimination Method

(1) Background: The effective selection of hyperspectral feature bands is pivotal in monitoring the nutritional status of intricate alpine grasslands on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The traditional methods often employ hierarchical screening of multiple feature indicators, but their universal applicability suffers due to the use of a consistent methodology across diverse environmental contexts. To remedy this, a backward feature elimination (BFE) selection method has been proposed to assess indicator importance and stability. (2) Methods: As research indicators, the crude protein (CP) and chlorophyll (Chl) contents in degraded grasslands on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau were selected. The BFE method was integrated with partial least squares regression (PLS), random forest (RF) regression, and tree-based regression (TBR) to develop CP and Chl inversion models. The study delved into the significance and consistency of the forage quality indicator bands. Subsequently, a path analysis framework (PLS-PM) was constructed to analyze the influence of grassland community indicators on Spec Chl and Spec CP . (3) Results: The implementation of the BFE method notably enhanced the prediction accuracy, with ΔR 2 RF-Chl = 56% and ΔR 2 RF-CP = 57%. Notably, spectral bands at 535 nm and 2091 nm emerged as pivotal for CP prediction, while vegetation indices like the PRI and mNDVI were critical for Chl estimation. The goodness of fit for the PLS-PM stood at 0.70, indicating the positive impact of environmental factors such as grassland cover on Spec Chl and Spec CP prediction (r Chl = 0.73, r CP = 0.39). Spec Chl reflected information pertaining to photosynthetic nitrogen associated with photosynthesis (r = 0.80). (4) Disscusion: Among the applied model methods, the BFE+RF method is excellent in periodically discarding variables with the smallest absolute coefficient values. This variable screening method not only significantly reduces data dimensionality, but also gives the best balance between model accuracy and variables, making it possible to significantly improve model prediction accuracy. In the PLS-PM analysis, it was shown that different coverage and different community structures and functions affect the estimation of Spec CP and Spec Chl . In addition, Spec Chl has a positive effect on the estimation of Spec CP (r = 0.80), indicating that chlorophyll does reflect photosynthetic nitrogen information related to photosynthesis, but it is still difficult to obtain non-photosynthetic and compound nitrogen information. (5) Conclusions: The application of the BFE + RF method to monitoring the nutritional status of complex alpine grasslands demonstrates feasibility. The BFE filtration process, focusing on importance and stability, bolsters the system’s generalizability, resilience, and versatility. A key research avenue for enhancing the precision of CP monitoring lies in extracting non-photosynthetic nitrogen information.