Non-Destructive Seed Viability Assessment via Multispectral Imaging and Stacking Ensemble Learning

The tetrazolium (TZ) test is a reliable but destructive method for identifying viable seeds. In this study, a non-destructive seed viability analysis method for Allium ulleungense was developed using multispectral imaging and stacking ensemble learning. Using the Videometerlab 4, multispectral imaging data were collected from 390 A. ulleungense seeds subjected to NaCl-accelerated aging treatments with three repetitions per treatment. Spectral values were obtained at 19 wavelengths (365–970 nm), and seed viability was determined using the TZ test. Next, 80% of spectral values were used to train Decision Tree, Random Forest, LightGBM, and XGBoost machine learning models, and 20% were used for testing. The models classified viable and non-viable seeds with an accuracy of 95–91% on the K-Fold value ( n = 5) and 85–81% on the test data. A stacking ensemble model was developed using a Decision Tree as the meta-model, achieving an AUC of 0.93 and a test accuracy of 90%. Feature importance and SHAP value assessments identified 570, 645, and 940 nm wavelengths as critical for seed viability classification. These results demonstrate that machine learning-based spectral data analysis can be effectively used for seed viability assessment, potentially replacing the TZ test with a non-destructive method.