Citrus Canopy SPAD Prediction under Bordeaux Solution Coverage Based on Texture- and Spectral-Information Fusion

Rapid and nondestructive prediction of chlorophyll content and response to the growth of various crops using remote sensing technology is a prominent topic in agricultural remote sensing research. Bordeaux mixture has been extensively employed for managing citrus diseases, such as black star and ulcer disease. However, the presence of pesticide residues in Bordeaux mixture can significantly modify the spectral response of the citrus canopy, thereby exerting a substantial influence on the accurate prediction of agronomic indices in fruit trees. In this study, we used unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral imaging technology to obtain remote sensing imagery of Bordeaux-covered citrus canopies during the months of July, September, and November. We integrated spectral and texture information to construct a high-dimensional feature dataset and performed data downscaling and feature optimization. Furthermore, we established four machine learning models, namely, partial least squares regression (PLS), ridge regression (RR), ridge, random forest (RF), and support vector regression (SVR). Our objectives were to identify the most effective prediction model for estimating the SPAD (soil plant analysis development) value of Bordeaux-covered citrus canopies, assess the variation in prediction accuracy between fused features and individual features, and investigate the impact of Bordeaux solution on the spectral reflectance of the citrus canopy. The results showed that (1) the impact of Bordeaux mixture on citrus canopy reflectance bands ranked from the highest to the lowest as follows: near-infrared band at 840 nm, red-edge band at 730 nm, blue band at 450 nm, green band at 560 nm, and red band at 650 nm. (2) Fused feature models had better prediction ability than single-feature modeling, with an average R 2 value of 0.641 for the four model test sets, improving by 0.117 and 0.039, respectively, compared with single-TF (texture feature) and -VI (vegetation index) modeling, and the test-set root-mean-square error (RMSE) was 2.594 on average, which was 0.533 and 0.264 lower than single-TF and -VI modeling, respectively. (3) Multiperiod data fusion effectively enhanced the correlation between features and SPAD values and consequently improved model prediction accuracy. Compared with accuracy based on individual months, R improved by 0.013 and 0.011, while RMSE decreased by 0.112 and 0.305. (4) The SVR model demonstrated the best performance in predicting citrus canopy SPAD under Bordeaux solution coverage, with R 2 values of 0.629 and 0.658, and RMSE values of 2.722 and 2.752 for the training and test sets, respectively.