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Bird Deterrent Solutions for Crop Protection: Approaches, Challenges, and Opportunities

Author

Listed:
  • Eduardo B. Micaelo

    (Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro Álvares Cabral, nº 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal)

  • Leonardo G. P. S. Lourenço

    (Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro Álvares Cabral, nº 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal)

  • Pedro D. Gaspar

    (Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
    Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST), Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal)

  • João M. L. P. Caldeira

    (Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro Álvares Cabral, nº 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal
    Instituto de Telecomunicações, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal)

  • Vasco N. G. J. Soares

    (Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro Álvares Cabral, nº 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal
    Instituto de Telecomunicações, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal)

Abstract

Weeds, pathogens, and animal pests are among the pests that pose a threat to the productivity of crops meant for human consumption. Bird-caused crop losses pose a serious and costly challenge for farmers. This work presents a survey on bird deterrent solutions for crop protection. It first introduces the related concepts. Then, it provides an extensive review and categorization of existing methods, techniques, and related studies. Further, their strengths and limitations are discussed. Based on this review, current gaps are identified, and strategies for future research are proposed.

Suggested Citation

  • Eduardo B. Micaelo & Leonardo G. P. S. Lourenço & Pedro D. Gaspar & João M. L. P. Caldeira & Vasco N. G. J. Soares, 2023. "Bird Deterrent Solutions for Crop Protection: Approaches, Challenges, and Opportunities," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-29, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:13:y:2023:i:4:p:774-:d:1108780
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