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Phenotypic Characterisation for Growth and Nut Characteristics Revealed the Extent of Genetic Diversity in Wild Macadamia Germplasm

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  • Thuy T. P. Mai

    (Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
    Institute of Forest Tree Improvement and Biotechnology, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam)

  • Craig M. Hardner

    (Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia)

  • Mobashwer M. Alam

    (Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia)

  • Robert J. Henry

    (Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia)

  • Bruce L. Topp

    (Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia)

Abstract

Macadamia is a recently domesticated Australian native nut crop, and a large proportion of its wild germplasm is unexploited. Aiming to explore the existing diversity, 247 wild accessions from four species and inter-specific hybrids were phenotyped. A wide range of variation was found in growth and nut traits. Broad-sense heritability of traits were moderate (0.43–0.64), which suggested that both genetic and environmental factors are equally important for the variability of the traits. Correlations among the growth traits were significantly positive (0.49–0.76). There were significant positive correlations among the nut traits except for kernel recovery. The association between kernel recovery and shell thickness was highly significant and negative. Principal component analysis of the traits separated representative species groups. Accessions from Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche, M. tetraphylla L.A.S. Johnson , and admixtures were clustered into one group and those of M. ternifolia F. Muell were separated into another group. In both M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla groups, variation within site was greater than across sites, which suggested that the conservation strategies should concentrate on increased sampling within sites to capture wide genetic diversity. This study provides a background on the utilisation of wild germplasm as a genetic resource to be used in breeding programs and the direction for gene pool conservation.

Suggested Citation

  • Thuy T. P. Mai & Craig M. Hardner & Mobashwer M. Alam & Robert J. Henry & Bruce L. Topp, 2021. "Phenotypic Characterisation for Growth and Nut Characteristics Revealed the Extent of Genetic Diversity in Wild Macadamia Germplasm," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-14, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:11:y:2021:i:7:p:680-:d:597219
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tuba Bak & Turan Karadeniz, 2021. "Effects of Branch Number on Quality Traits and Yield Properties of European Hazelnut ( Corylus avellana L.)," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-10, May.
    2. Katarzyna Król & Magdalena Gantner, 2020. "Morphological Traits and Chemical Composition of Hazelnut from Different Geographical Origins: A Review," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-15, August.
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