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Microbial and Parasitic Contamination of Fresh Raw Vegetable Samples and Detection of the Bla TEM and Bla CTX-M Genes from E. coli Isolates

Author

Listed:
  • Alina Ghimire

    (Department of Microbiology, GoldenGate International College, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal)

  • Jitendra Upadhyaya

    (Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H2Y1C6, Canada)

  • Tulsi Nayaju

    (Department of Microbiology, GoldenGate International College, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal)

  • Binod Lekhak

    (Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal)

  • Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary

    (Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16222, Korea)

  • Vijaya Raghavan

    (Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H2Y1C6, Canada)

  • Bhoj Raj Pant

    (Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur 44600, Nepal)

  • Tirtha Raj Bajgai

    (Minhas Microbrewery, Distillery and Winery, 1314 44 Ave NE, Calgary, AB T2E6L6, Canada)

  • Niranjan Koirala

    (Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
    Department of Natural Products Research, Dr. Koirala Research Institute for Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal)

  • Milan Kumar Upreti

    (Department of Microbiology, GoldenGate International College, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal)

Abstract

A total of 100 fresh-raw vegetable samples were collected from the Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur districts of Nepal to evaluate microbial and parasitic contamination, presence of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and detect the bla TEM and bla CTX-M genes among the Escherichia coli isolates. This study revealed that the prevalence of Giardia cysts was highest (100%) and Hookworm and Entamoeba coli were lowest (1% each). Coliforms were isolated from every raw vegetable sample. A total of 178 bacterial isolates were isolated among which 57 isolates were identified as E. coli , out of which 33 were Multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates. The high rate of resistance was found towards amoxicillin/clavulanate, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole. The 10 E. coli isolates tested positive in an ESBL screening, out of which 4 were confirmed as ESBL producers by a combined disc test. Out of these 4 confirmed ESBL E. coli , one was found to carry both the bla TEM gene and bla CTX-M genes by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. One isolate has only the bla TEM gene, while other isolate harboured only bla CTX-M genes.

Suggested Citation

  • Alina Ghimire & Jitendra Upadhyaya & Tulsi Nayaju & Binod Lekhak & Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary & Vijaya Raghavan & Bhoj Raj Pant & Tirtha Raj Bajgai & Niranjan Koirala & Milan Kumar Upreti, 2020. "Microbial and Parasitic Contamination of Fresh Raw Vegetable Samples and Detection of the Bla TEM and Bla CTX-M Genes from E. coli Isolates," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-13, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:10:y:2020:i:8:p:341-:d:396090
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