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Conservation Agriculture Practices Can Improve Earthworm Species Richness and Abundance in the Semi-Arid Climate of Eastern Cape, South Africa

Author

Listed:
  • Sixolise Mcinga

    (Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa)

  • Lindah Muzangwa

    (Unit for Environmental Sciences & Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa)

  • Kudzayi Janhi

    (Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa)

  • Pearson Nyari Stephano Mnkeni

    (Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Arusha, P.O. Box 7 Arusha, Tanzania)

Abstract

Earthworms play a pivotal role in the regulation of soil health. Studies that explore the effects of conservation agriculture (CA) principles on earthworms under the semi-arid climate of the central Eastern Cape (EC) of South Africa (SA) are limited. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of tillage, crop rotations, and residue management on earthworms’ abundance and species richness. The study design followed a split-split plot with three replicates. The main plot was allocated to tillage treatment, which had conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (no-till) as factors. Crop rotation treatment was allocated to a subplot, and had maize ( Zea mays )–fallow–maize (MFM), maize–fallow–soybean ( Glycine max ) (MFS), maize–wheat ( Triticum aestivum )–maize (MWM), and maize–wheat–soybean (MWS). Residue management was in the sub-subplot with residue retention and residue removal. The study was carried out over four cropping seasons: summer 2015–2016, winter 2016, spring 2016, and summer 2016–2017. The results showed that the genera Amynthas and Lumbricus , both belonging to the anecic group, and Dendrobaena , belonging to the epigeic group, were present. Earthworm species diversity and density were highest under no-till than under CT. Residue retention improved earthworm density regardless of tillage management. Rotations that had fallow periods recorded lower earthworm numbers as compared to continuous cropping systems where wheat was grown in winter. The study concluded that maize–wheat–soybean (MWS) rotation with residue retention results in the highest earthworm abundance and species richness.

Suggested Citation

  • Sixolise Mcinga & Lindah Muzangwa & Kudzayi Janhi & Pearson Nyari Stephano Mnkeni, 2020. "Conservation Agriculture Practices Can Improve Earthworm Species Richness and Abundance in the Semi-Arid Climate of Eastern Cape, South Africa," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-12, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:10:y:2020:i:12:p:576-:d:449962
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Prakash Mallappa Munnoli & Saroj Bhosle, 2011. "Water-holding capacity of earthworms’ vermicompost made of sugar industry waste (press mud) in mono- and polyculture vermireactors," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 31(4), pages 394-400, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Raymond Mugandani & Liboster Mwadzingeni & Paramu Mafongoya, 2021. "Contribution of Conservation Agriculture to Soil Security," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-11, September.
    2. Santosh Korav & Gandhamanagenahalli A. Rajanna & Dharam Bir Yadav & Venkatesh Paramesha & Chandra Mohan Mehta & Prakash Kumar Jha & Surendra Singh & Shikha Singh, 2022. "Impacts of Mechanized Crop Residue Management on Rice-Wheat Cropping System—A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-19, November.

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