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Money and output: correlation or causality?

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  • Scott Freeman

Abstract

The correlation between changes in the nation's total supply of money and subsequent changes in real output has led some people to infer that policymakers, by changing the money supply, can stimulate or moderate the nation's real output. ; Scott Freeman argues that this conclusion may be inappropriate. Freeman distinguishes inside money, the money created by banks through their lending, from outside money, the money the Federal Reserve prints. He shows that anticipatory increases in bank lending may account for the rise in the money supply that often precedes an expansion in real output. Under this interpretation, increases in the money supply that are due to Federal Reserve action result in higher prices, with no increase in real output. Thus, the existence of a correlation between money and output does not necessarily imply that Fed-engineered increases in the money supply have real effects.

Suggested Citation

  • Scott Freeman, 1992. "Money and output: correlation or causality?," Economic and Financial Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, issue Q III, pages 1-7.
  • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedder:y:1992:i:qiii:p:1-7
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    Cited by:

    1. Maganya, Mnaku H. & Ndanshau, Michael O. A., 2020. "Money and Output in Tanzania: A Test for Causality," African Journal of Economic Review, African Journal of Economic Review, vol. 8(2), July.
    2. Augustine C. Arize & Ioannis N. Kallianotis & Scott Liu & John Malindretos & Alex Panayides, 2014. "National Debt and Its Effects on Several Other Variables: An Econometric Study of the United States," International Journal of Financial Research, International Journal of Financial Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 5(4), pages 98-113, October.
    3. Monireh Motamedi & Ghazaleh Mohammadian, 2014. "Survey of Money- Output Causality: Case Study of Iran, Based on Vector Error Correction Model (VECM)," Iranian Economic Review (IER), Faculty of Economics,University of Tehran.Tehran,Iran, vol. 18(3), pages 115-132, Autumn.

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    Keywords

    Monetary theory; Money supply;

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