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Cambio estructural y productividad laboral en la industria. Un análisis global

Author

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  • Vázquez López, Raúl

    (Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas, UNAM)

Abstract

Background: This article calculates labor productivity on the highest disaggregated level possible for 150 industrial activities in 28 countries in different geographical areas and degrees of development for recent periods. It seeks to respond to two key questions: Is there a structural bonus in the growth of labor productivity in industry on a global scale?, and if this is indeed the case, in which countries or sectors does this occur? Methods: Through a shift-share type technique used by other similar empirical studies, the evolution of the indicator is broken down in structural effects of the relocation of employment and in an intrinsic component associated with technological and organizational change within each branch of activity. Results: The main result is to confirm the absence of an aggregated structural bonus in the growth of labor productivity in industry on a global level. When structural effects have a significant weight in the evolution of the indicator, this appears to be related to the development of backward structures or with highly specialized productive patterns. Furthermore, the statistical evidence indicates greater international dynamism in terms of the efficiency of chemical and automotive industry activities. Conclusions: Innovation and the emergence of new sectors have triggered a structural transformation whose possibilities have been partially blocked, especially in developing countries, both because of the scarce diffusion of innovations and the inability of the most dynamic sectors to increase their participation in total employment.// Antecedentes: El presente artículo calcula la productividad laboral al nivel más desagregado posible para 150 actividades industriales de 28 países de diferentes ámbitos geográficos y niveles de desarrollo para periodos recientes. Se plantea responder dos interrogantes centrales: ¿existe un bono estructural en el crecimiento de la productividad laboral en la industria a nivel global? y, en caso de haberlo, ¿en qué países o sectores se produce? Método: Mediante una técnica de tipo shift-share, utilizada por otros estudios empíricos similares, se descompone la evolución del indicador en efectos estructurales de reubicación del empleo y en un componente intrínseco asociado al cambio tecnológico y organizativo en el interior de cada actividad. Resultados: El principal resultado es confirmar la inexistencia de forma agregada de un bono estructural en el crecimiento de la productividad laboral en la industria a nivel global. Cuando los efectos estructurales tienen un peso significativo en la evolución del indicador, el hecho parece estar relacionado con el desarrollo de estructuras atrasadas o con patrones productivos sumamente especializados. Asimismo, la evidencia estadística muestra el mayor dinamismo internacional en términos de eficiencia de las actividades químicas y automotrices. Conclusiones: La innovación y la emergencia de nuevos sectores han desencadenado una transformación estructural cuyas posibilidades se han visto parcialmente bloqueadas, en especial en países en vías de desarrollo, tanto por la escasa difusión de las innovaciones como por la incapacidad de los sectores más dinámicos para incrementar su participación en el empleo total.

Suggested Citation

  • Vázquez López, Raúl, 2018. "Cambio estructural y productividad laboral en la industria. Un análisis global," El Trimestre Económico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, vol. 0(338), pages .277-310, abril-jun.
  • Handle: RePEc:elt:journl:v:85:y:2018:i:338:p:277-310
    DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20430/ete.v85i338.310
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    industria; cambio estructural; productividad; empleo; desarrollo económico;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O14 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
    • O57 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Comparative Studies of Countries
    • O25 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Development Planning and Policy - - - Industrial Policy

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