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La política de estímulos fiscales a ID en México Alcances limitados en el contexto de innovación de las empresas

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  • Unger, Kurt

    (Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas)

Abstract

Taking as point of departure the basics of the economics of innovation, the Mexican evidence builds on two major obstacles: market failures inhibit economic returns to R&D and, consequently, the inexistence of a national innovation system. In such context, fiscal subsidies to R&D are introduced with limited success. The fiscal subsidies remain highly concentrated in a few very large firms, in mature sectors for minor product and process innovations. Most of these are global firms and their R&D response are internal engineering efforts. From a knowledge economy perspective these are very limited goals; rather, the new policy proposals should aim to promote systemic effects, including regional and knowledge based clusters, and not merely the firms subsidy. Of course, learning externalities elsewhere should be greatly valued.// El artículo se basa en los postulados fundamentales de la economía de la innovación para destacar las carencias de México como un sistema de innovación trabado por las condiciones de los mercados. México ha puesto en práctica los estímulos fiscales a la investigación y desarrollo (ID) para promover la innovación, pero sus resultados han sido muy limitados y el programa fue derogado. Los beneficios se concentraron en muy pocas empresas, grandes y de sectores maduros, cuyos esfuerzos van hacia mejoras graduales de productos y procesos. Los estímulos funcionaron como recuperación de costos hundidos de estas competidoras globales, que internalizan la ID sin crear derramas hacia otros participantes. Muy pocos proyectos favorables son de base tecnológica, en actividades más comprometidas con ID, y con sinergias al paso del tiempo. Las consecuencias apuntan a resultados muy limitados en cuanto a los objetivos de innovación más ambiciosos, complejos y sistémicos que guardarían relación con la economía del conocimiento y también con el desarrollo de conglomerados (clusters) o derramas regionales. El desafío de política al futuro es dar prioridad a las externalidades positivas del aprendizaje en otras partes del sistema: proveedores, laboratorios u otras instituciones.

Suggested Citation

  • Unger, Kurt, 2011. "La política de estímulos fiscales a ID en México Alcances limitados en el contexto de innovación de las empresas," El Trimestre Económico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, vol. 0(309), pages 49-85, enero-mar.
  • Handle: RePEc:elt:journl:v:78:y:2011:i:309:p:49-85
    DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20430/ete.v78i309.27
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    Keywords

    rentabilidad; competitividad; inovación; investigación y desarrollo;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O31 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
    • O38 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Government Policy
    • R12 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade (economic geography)

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