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Por qué las economías emergentes deberían renunciar a sus monedas nacionales. La dolarización como un caso de la "sustitución de instituciones"

Author

Listed:
  • Mendoza, Enrique G.

    (Departamento de Economía, Universidad de Maryland y NBER, Cambridge)

Abstract

Financial contagion and Suden Stops of capital inflows experienced in emerging-markets crises may originate in an explosive mix of lack of policy credibility and world capital market imperfections that afflict emerging economies with national currencies. Hence, this paper argues that abandoning national currencies to adopt a hard currency can significantly reduce the emerging countries’ vulnerability to these crises. The credibility of their financial polices would be greatly enhanced by the implicit subordination to the policy-marking institutions of the hard currency issuer. Their access to international capital markets would improve as the same expertise and information that global invertors gather already to evaluate the monetary policy of the hard currency issuer would apply to emerging economies. Yet, adopting a hard currency does not eliminate business cycles, rule out all forms of financial crises, or solve severe fiscal problems that plague emerging economies, and it entails giving up seigniorage and potential benefits of conducting independent monetary policy. However, these disadvantages seem dwarfed by the urgent need to enable emerging countries to access global capital markets without exposing them to the risk of recurrent Sudden Stops.// El contagio financiero y las cesaciones súbitas de las entradas de capital experimentados en las crisis de los mercados emergentes podrían originarse en una combinación explosiva de ausencia de credibilidad de la política económica e imperfecciones del mercado mundial de capitales que aflige a las economías emergentes con monedas nacionales. En consecuencia, este ensayo afirma que el abandono de las monedas nacionales a fin de adoptar una moneda dura podría reducir significativamente la vulnerabilidad de los países emergentes ante estas crisis. La credibilidad de sus políticas financieras se fortalecería mucho por la subordinación implícita de la política a las instituciones que determinan la política del emisor de moneda dura. Mejoraría su acceso a los mercados internacionales de capital porque se aplicaría a las economías emergentes la misma experiencia e información de que disponen los inversionistas globales para evaluar la política monetaria del emisor de moneda dura. Pero la adopción de una moneda dura no elimina los ciclos económicos ni todas las modalidades de las crisis financieras ni resuelve los graves problemas fiscales que afectan a las economías emergentes, y sí implica la renuncia al señoreaje y a los beneficios potenciales de la conducción de una política monetaria independiente. Sin embargo, estas desventajas perecen insignificantes ante la necesidad urgente de permitir que los países emergentes tengan acceso a los mercados globales de capital sin exponerse al riesgo de las cesaciones súbitas.

Suggested Citation

  • Mendoza, Enrique G., 2004. "Por qué las economías emergentes deberían renunciar a sus monedas nacionales. La dolarización como un caso de la "sustitución de instituciones"," El Trimestre Económico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, vol. 0(281), pages 7-41, enero-mar.
  • Handle: RePEc:elt:journl:v:71:y:2004:i:281:p:7-41
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    finanzas internacionales; macroeconomía de economías abiertas; precios; fluctuaciones y ciclos económicos; política monetaria; banca central y oferta de dinero.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F3 - International Economics - - International Finance
    • F41 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Open Economy Macroeconomics
    • E3 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
    • E5 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

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