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A methodological and substantive review of the evidence that schools cause pupils to smoke

Author

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  • Aveyard, Paul
  • Markham, Wolfgang A.
  • Cheng, K. K.

Abstract

The objectives of this review were to examine whether smoking prevalence varies between schools independently of health promotion programmes and pupil composition, to show which school characteristics are responsible for this variation, and to examine the methodological adequacy of such studies. Searches for published studies were performed on medical, educational and social science databases, relevant articles' reference lists, and citation searches. Any study was included that described inter-school variation in smoking prevalence, or related such variation to school characteristics. A model relating pupil smoking to school, neighbourhood, and pupil characteristics unlikely and likely to be influenced by school was used to examine the adequacy of control of confounding by pupil composition. Data from studies were combined qualitatively considering methodological adequacy to examine the relation of smoking prevalence to school characteristics. Theoretical frameworks underpinning the choice of school characteristics and postulated relationships between these characteristics and smoking prevalence were described. There were large variations in smoking prevalence between ostensibly similar schools. Evidence that pupil composition did not cause this was weak, because all studies had methodological problems, including under control of relevant pupil compositional factors and over control of factors likely to represent the mechanism through which schools influence pupils' smoking. There was little evidence that elements of tobacco control policy other than bans and enforcement deterred smoking. Academic practice and school ethos were related to smoking. Academically selective schools did not influence smoking, once pupil composition was controlled. There was one study on neighbourhood influences, which were unrelated to smoking. Studies frequently offered little or no theoretical justification for associating school characteristics with smoking. Some aspects of school influence pupils' smoking, probably independently of pupil composition. However, under-control and over-control of confounding and lack of theoretical underpinning precludes definitive conclusions on how particular school characteristics influence pupils' smoking.

Suggested Citation

  • Aveyard, Paul & Markham, Wolfgang A. & Cheng, K. K., 2004. "A methodological and substantive review of the evidence that schools cause pupils to smoke," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 58(11), pages 2253-2265, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:58:y:2004:i:11:p:2253-2265
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    Cited by:

    1. Elovainio, Marko & Pietikäinen, Minna & Luopa, Pauliina & Kivimäki, Mika & Ferrie, Jane E. & Jokela, Jukka & Suominen, Sakari & Vahtera, Jussi & Virtanen, Marianna, 2011. "Organizational justice at school and its associations with pupils’ psychosocial school environment, health, and wellbeing," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 73(12), pages 1675-1682.
    2. Herke, Max & Moor, Irene & Winter, Kristina & Hoffmann, Stephanie & Spallek, Jacob & Hilger-Kolb, Jennifer & Pischke, Claudia & Dragano, Nico & Novelli, Anna & Richter, Matthias, 2020. "Role of contextual and compositional characteristics of schools for health inequalities in childhood and adolescence: protocol for a scoping review," Munich Reprints in Economics 84786, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
    3. Tracy J. Evans-Whipp & Lyndal Bond & Obioha C. Ukoumunne & John W. Toumbourou & Richard F. Catalano, 2010. "The Impact of School Tobacco Policies on Student Smoking in Washington State, United States and Victoria, Australia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 7(3), pages 1-13, February.
    4. Michael Schreuders & Loekie Klompmaker & Bas van den Putte & Anton E Kunst, 2019. "Adolescent Smoking in Secondary Schools that Have Implemented Smoke-Free Policies: In-Depth Exploration of Shared Smoking Patterns," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-13, June.
    5. Christina N. Wysota & Marina Topuridze & Zhanna Sargsyan & Ana Dekanosidze & Lela Sturua & Michelle C. Kegler & Varduhi Petrosyan & Arusyak Harutyunyan & Varduhi Hayrumyan & Carla J. Berg, 2021. "Psychosocial Factors, Smoke-Free Restrictions, and Media Exposure in Relation to Smoking-Related Attitudes and Behaviors among Adults in Armenia and Georgia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-16, April.
    6. Markham, Wolfgang A. & Young, Robert & Sweeting, Helen & West, Patrick & Aveyard, Paul, 2012. "Does school ethos explain the relationship between value-added education and teenage substance use? A cohort study," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 75(1), pages 69-76.
    7. Karen R. Quail & Catherine L. Ward, 2023. "Using Non-Violent Discipline Tools: Evidence Suggesting the Importance of Attunement," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(24), pages 1-26, December.
    8. Schreuders, Michael & Nuyts, Paulien A.W. & van den Putte, Bas & Kunst, Anton E., 2017. "Understanding the impact of school tobacco policies on adolescent smoking behaviour: A realist review," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 19-27.
    9. Nazmiye Erdogan & Irfan Erdogan, 2008. "Smoking at School: Views of Turkish University Students," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 6(1), pages 1-15, December.

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