Violence in American cities: Young black males in the answer, but what was the question?

Many Americans believe that the public health problem of violence can be addressed by focusing on young black males. We hypothesize that our economic and political systems have created marginal urban areas of undesirable land uses and unwanted people which breed violence. Using three medium-sized cities (Camden, Newark, Trenton) located in an extremely affluent state (New Jersey) as illustrations, we show that violent death rates from homicides, poisoning/drug abuse, falls, fires, and suicide in these areas are high for whites and Hispanics, as well as blacks; females, as well as males; and middle-aged and elderly populations, as well as young populations. We conclude that marginalization (e.g. concentration, ghettoization, segregation) of unwanted land uses and unwanted people must be addressed to reduce urban violence.