The straw men of primary health care

The following paper discusses the progress made in providing primary health care (PHC) to the developing world in the 10 years following the joint WHO/UNICEF International Conference on Primary Health Care held at Alma Ata, U.S.S.R., in 1978. UNICEF is now 12 years from the goal to provide Health for All by the Year 2000. In this context, the authors describe UNICEF's 'country programming approach' to PHC as part of the child survival and development revolution (CSDR), articulated by the agency in 1982. A polarization between the two concepts of 'selective' and 'comprehensive' PHC is examined in the light of quotations from the original conference document which set forth strategies and priorities. The authors, a consultant and a staff member of UNICEF, respond to criticism of the agency in this regard by drawing directly on UNICEF's own work in the field and its record of success, even at a time when developing countries are battling severe economic constraints and health budgets are being slashed--a contingency not foreseen at Alma Ata. WHO evaluations of both the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) and oral rehydration therapy (ORT) show that accelerated programs develop best when underpinned by a good health infrastructure. The challenge is to develop priority programs in such a way as to build on or strengthen this infrastructure. Flexibility is the key in adapting national priorities to local programs. The point is made that international agencies should be careful to limit themselves to advocacy and support. The authors conclude by discussing some major points that require further debate and analysis, including the final and most fundamental question--how can we ensure true equity in reaching those in greatest need?