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Developmental changes in infant pain expression during immunization injections

Author

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  • Craig, K. D.
  • McMahon, R. J.
  • Morison, J. D.
  • Zaskow, C.

Abstract

Developmental changes in pain expression provoked by routine immunization injections during the first 2 years of life were examined. An interval-sampling, behavioral observation system was developed to code categories of expressive behavior in infants, their mothers and the nurse responsible for the injection. Qualitative changes were observed in the infants' behavior, with those less than 12 months of age responding in a more spontaneous, diffuse manner, whereas the older infants displayed more anticipatory distress, descriptive language and goal-directed movement. Mothers and the nurse actively interacted with each other and the infant with a range of vocal and nonvocal actions. The findings justified the use of unobtrusive, naturalistic observation as a means of assisting practitioners who suffer from an inadequate knowledge-base on pain in children.

Suggested Citation

  • Craig, K. D. & McMahon, R. J. & Morison, J. D. & Zaskow, C., 1984. "Developmental changes in infant pain expression during immunization injections," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 19(12), pages 1331-1337, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:19:y:1984:i:12:p:1331-1337
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    Cited by:

    1. Barbara F. Fuller, 2000. "Fluctuations in Established Infant Pain Behaviors," Clinical Nursing Research, , vol. 9(3), pages 298-316, August.
    2. Barbara F. Fuller & Douglas A. Conner, 1996. "Distribution of Cues Across Assessed Levels of Infant Pain," Clinical Nursing Research, , vol. 5(2), pages 167-184, May.
    3. Barbara F. Fuller & Douglas A. Conner, 1995. "The Effect of Pain on Infant Behaviors," Clinical Nursing Research, , vol. 4(3), pages 253-273, August.
    4. Barbara F. Fuller & Madalynn Neu & Maureen Smith, 1999. "The Influence of Background Clinical Data on Infant Pain Assessments," Clinical Nursing Research, , vol. 8(2), pages 179-187, May.

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