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Music stocks and music tokens: Extreme connectedness and portfolio applications

Author

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  • Ustaoglu, Buse
  • Ustaoglu, Erkan

Abstract

The aim of the study is to examine the connectedness and portfolio implications between music tokens and music stocks. Spillovers between music tokens and music stocks differ across various circumstances. Under normal circumstances, there is a significant unconnected between music tokens and music stocks. In extreme declines and rises, the return interconnectedness between the assets increases dramatically. Additionally, return spillovers among assets fluctuate over time, influenced by extreme events such as the Russia-Ukraine war and the cryptocurrency market collapse. In the framework of portfolio applications, music tokens have been found to have hedging properties for music stocks. In particular, music tokens added to portfolios at optimal rates exhibit very high hedging properties for SiriusXM Radio (SIRI) and Tencent Music Entertainment Group (TME). The results are important for investors and portfolio managers.

Suggested Citation

  • Ustaoglu, Buse & Ustaoglu, Erkan, 2025. "Music stocks and music tokens: Extreme connectedness and portfolio applications," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:reveco:v:98:y:2025:i:c:s1059056025000358
    DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2025.103872
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